iSStiSa SjpEIVYORKBOTANICAL^B f ib'ia99lW llou. Ferd. J. Hess, Cli.n-leston, Mo., I'resident State Board of Agriculture. THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LIBRARY MiW YOV^K BOTANICAL MISSOURI oARoeN STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE CONTAINING A RECORD OF THE WORK FOR THE YEAR 1902. PUBLISHED 1903. .^m-i JEFFERSON CITY, MO. : Tbibunb Printing Company, State Printers and Binders. N 75*7} LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. State Board or Agkicultuhe, Office of Secretary, > COLUMBIA, Missouri, February 12, 1903. \ To the Hon. A. M. Dockery, Governor of ^^lissouri : Sir — I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work of the State Board of Agriculture for the past year. We take great pride in recording the fact that the farmers of Mis- souri are putting into practice up-to-date scientific methods in their farm operations and that Missouri has taken first rank in the United States this year in the average yield per acre of corn, and has achieved second lank in the total amount produced of both corn and wheat. Missouri is not excelled by any country in the quality of her best herds and flocks. The value of our farm lands has greatly advanced and at the ad- vanced prices our lands afford as good opportunity for investment as the lands of any other State, A great interest has been awakened in agricultural education, the farmers' institute work has been greatly extended and improved and the publications of the Board of Agriculture are in greater demand than ever before. Very respectfully. Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary. TABLE OF CONTENTS. >■/ VV YORIC \NICAJU Pag'es. Report of Secretary 5-54 Treasurer's report 55-57 Weather and crop conditions 5S-70 Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association 71-210 Farmers' Institute papers 211-291 Missouri Dairy Association 282-35.S Missouri Live Stock and other statistics 359-365 Veterinarian's report 366-374 C5 I OFFICERS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1903. President — F. J. Hess, Charleston. Vice-President — C. F. Afflick, Clarence. Secretary — Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. Assistant Secretary — Snowdon \\'illis, Columbia. Treasurer — H. H. Banks, Columbia. Veterinarian — Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. F. J. Hess, Charleston. W. C. Howell, Ulman. C. F. Afflick, Clarence. W. L. Bn,^ant, Independence. H. J. Waters, Columbia. W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis. J. T. Conrad, Marble Hill. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of Missouri — A. M. Dockery. Superintendent of Schools — W. T. Carrington. "Dean Agricultural College — H. J. Waters. CORPORATE MEMBERS. Name. Postoffice, No. Dist. County. Chas. F. Afflick. . . Clarence ist Shelby John W. Hill Chillicothe 2nd Livingston Alex. Maitland.. . .Richmond 3rd Ray S. H. Prather Tarkio 4th Atchison W. L. Bryant Independence .... 5th Jackson H. F. Hand Taberville 6th St.Clair N. H. Gentry Sedalia 7th Pettis Wm. C. Howell.. . .Ulman 8th Miller J. A. Potts Mexico 9th Audrain ....... Chas. L. Boisselier. Gumbo loth St. Louis N. J. Colman St: Louis nth Chemical Bldg. . . . W. R. Wilkinson ... St. Louis 12th 212 N. Main St. J. J. Conrad Marble Hill 13th Bollinger Ferd. J. Hess Charleston 14th. Mississippi J. J. McNatt McNatt 15th McDonald A. T. Xelson Lebanon i6th Laclede i ANNUAL MEETING. Office of the Secretary, | Columbia, Missouri, December 16, 1902. 4 The Board of Agriculture met in the office of the Secretary. Meet- ing called to order by the President, W. R. Wilkinson. The Secretary called the roll and the following answered present : W. T. Carrington, H. J. Waters, Chas. F. Afflick, J. W. Hill, Alex- Maitland, W. L. Bryant, H. F. Hand, N H. Gentry, W. C. Howell, J. A. Potts and W. R. Wilkinson. Upon motion of H. J. Waters, the reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting was dispensed with and the minutes as printed in the 34th Annual Report were adopted. The Secretary read the following report, which was accepted and ordered printed in Annual Report. REPORT OF SECRETARY. Members Board of /\griculture : The first Agricultural Society in this State was incorporated by the Legislature, February 24, 1853. This no doubt led to the act of the Legis- lature incorporating the State Board of Agriculture twelve years later. The Board was first organized March 13, 1865, and was reorganized in 1891 upon a much broader and better basis. By the examination of the records of this office we find that some of the questions that were given consideration in the first years of the Board's existence are still questions of importance to the farmers of the State. The subject of Agricultural education received prominence in the first annual report issued in 1866, and has received the encouragement of the Board up to this time. The progress has been slow it is true, but much ignorance and prejudice have been overcome, and at the present time Agriculture is one of the branches required in the course of study for teachers in our public schools, each of the three State Normal Schools has a department of Agriculture where Agriculture is taught to the b MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. teachers, the summer school for teachers of the State University gives prominence to this suDJect, and the Agricultural College is now recog- nized as one of the most important departments in the University, and is doing a great work for Agricultural education. The publication of the first bulletin devoted exclusively to the subject of Agriculture in our public schools was issued from our Agricultural College only a few weeks ago, and arrangments are being made for the regular issue of a bulletin devoted to this subject in sufficient numbers to supply all the teachers of the State. This is no doubt the direct result of your action taken at your last annual meeting, recommending that a bulletin on Teaching Agriculture in the Public Schools be published by the Agri- cultural College and distributed free to the twelve thousand rural teachers of the State. In compliance with that recommendation Hon. W. T. Carrington and your Secretary, the committee appointed for that pur- pose, presented the subject to President Jesse and Dean \\'aters, and I am pleased to report that it met with their hearty approval, and later on the Board of Curators endorsed the movement, and now that this ad- vanced step has been taken, if it meets with liberal support from the Legislature a great deal of good will be accomplished. Other subjects prominently mentioned in some of the first reports of the Board were: The Improvement of Live Stock, Soil Drainage, Seed Selection, Crop Rotation and Better j\Iethods of Cultivation. While many of the im- proved methods, advocated from time to time by the Board have been put into practice by a great many of the farmers, and great progress has been made, there is still room for improvement along all these lines. The work of the State Board of Agriculture through these many years has been one of public spirit and patriotism. Your time has been given without remuneration, and the only reward you have received is in the consciousness of having contributed something to the material development of this great commonwealth. Just how much the work of the Board has contributed to the development of our agricultural re- sources cannot, of course, be determined, but that it has been a potent factor in this development, I think no one will deny. The improvement of our live stock and the improvement of our ^oil have been the constant watchwords of the Board since its first organization, and to-day we have the proud satisfaction of knowing that the best herds of Missouri are not surpassed by any country in the world. It may be said that this has been accomplished by individual energy and intelligence. Largely that is true, but that individuality needed a power, somewhere, to stimulate it to its best efifort, and that stimulus has been furnished by the educational influences of this State, not the least of which is the work of the Board of Agriculture. Notwithstanding the fact that much of our farming a; o 0-1 C o 03 m o 3 o >> fq 3 o c a a > c o '2 X V ♦J 3 C REPORT OF SECRETARY. \) lands have been in continued cultivation for from fifty to seventy-five years we have produced this year the largest yield per acre of both corn and wheat in the history of the State. Can this be attributed alone to the favorable season ? Our season has been good ; it has not been per- fect by any means, and I think every member of the Board has seen in the past just as favorable seasons for the production of heavy crops. Some of the piincipal reasons for this bountiful crop are: First, the farmers have been growing more clover and cowpeas. Second, they have been more careful in saving and applying barnyard manure. Third, they have increased the amount of commercial fertilizers used. Fourth, they have adopted better systems of crop rotation. And fifth, and per- haps one of the greatest, is that during the long period of drouth in 1901 the evaporation of the moisture which was almost continuously arising from the soil brought up from deep down in the soil the plant food which had been carried down by the water in previous years, and the plant food was deposited upon the surface where it was available for plant growth this year. They have found out that it is best to couple intelligence and energy with physical force to insure a reasonable degree of success. The day of farming by physical force is past. Our system has changed from one of soil exhaustion to soil building, and I am confident that fifty years from now the average production of the lands of this State will be much greater than it is to-day. CROP REVIEW FOR 1902. WHEAT. A greatly increased acreage was sown in the fall of 1901. This was due to two reasons: First, to the fact that the yield of both the crops harvested in 1900-1 were above the average production and of excellent quality, and second on account of the disastrous drouth in 1 90 1 a great many farmers sowed wheat for pasture to help take the stock through the winter. In sections where there was sufficient moist- ure and where the wheat was sowed in well prepared lands, the fall and spring pasture more than paid for the seed and expense of seeding. Over the northern and central portions of the State the winter was ver)' dry during the early part of the season of 1902 and the seed made little growth, but as the season advanced there was sufficient rain to mature a bountiful crop. In many of the southwestern counties there were .good rains in the fall of 1901, and the rain continued in the following spring and the wheat made too rank a growth, causing it to lodge badly which reduced the yield. The fields that were pastured heavily in this section produced the best crop. In some of the southeastern counties wheat was 10 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. injured by the sleet in the winter which reduced the yield in that section. The quality of the wheat at harvest was not up to the standard of crops for 1901. The grain was rather small and on account of the excessive rains which continued from the time of harvest to late in the season over a great portion of the State, a great amount of damage was done to crops in the shock and stack and much of it was fit for nothing but stock feed. Basing the estimate upon the United States census report for 1900 the acreage yield and total production of the different sections for 1902. are shown in the following table ; WHEAT. For crop harvested 1902. 2! . o cog B D a) : o S:> « c o E s X 3 a REPORT OF SECRETARY. 13 production is 307,364,000 bushels. The largest crop previous was in 1S95 when the total was 250,000,000 bushels. This makes an increase above that year of 57,000,000 bushels. The quality of the grain is good, although some damage has been sustained on account of heavy rains on that part of the crop which is in the shock, and in the corn where it was blown down. The damage is not great taken as a whole, as the average quality of the crop is 96 compared with an average of 45 last year. The total value of the crop, not including the fodder value, is $97,039,000. The five counties in the State having the largest acreage planted in corn are in the order named as follows : Nodaway, Bates, Atchison, Saline, and Vernon. A great many fields have made phenomenal yields, a number reported averaging 75 to no bushels per acre. Further detailed information is given in the following table : CORN. 25 ® 2^ C 72 r§l.| "SI.- §.»» : c o^ : COS : ^o2 -.COS : c o S 5"^ . D D X . D 3 w .0 3?- .030] • DDK . 1 - C+- • 1 - ^ . 1 - ^- . 1 - C+- • I * ci^ : *^ A cres in cultivation, 1902 — 1,509,000 2,363,000 1.171,000 1,731,000 919,000 7,693,000 Acreage compared with crop 1901 ner cent 108 105 104 96 98 103 Average yield per acre 1903. bushels 43.3 43.6 41.3 35.5 31.8 40 Total yield in bushels, 1902... fi5,340,000 103,026,000 48,321,000 61,451,000 29,226,000 307,364.000 Farm price per bushel No- vember 1. 1903. cents 30.6 31.4 39.5 31.7 37.5 33.1 Farm price per bushel No- vember 1, 1901, cents 55 54 61 63 72 62 *Total value of crop, 1902.... $19,994,000 $32,350,000 $14,255,000 $19,480,000 $10,960,000 $97,039,000 Average quality of grain 1902, per cent 96 98 98 96 93 96 Average quality of grain 1901, ner cent 54 55 40 38 38 45 Per cent damage by frost. crop 1902 3 5 .3 .2 .5 1.8 Per cent fodder crop har- vested 1902 23 24 34 37 48 31 *Graiii only: does not Include forage value. OATS. On account of the high price of seed oats in the spring the acreage sown to oats was decreased 15 per cent below the previous year. The oats in some localities failed to germinate or were killed by late freezing and about three per cent of the oat crop sown was plowed and planted to other crops. The greatest decrease of acreage was in the southwest section which was caused largely by it being too wet for seeding at the proper time. The average yield of the crop this year was 31 bushels per acre and of good quality at the time of harvesting, but on account of rain during and after harvest the crop was damaged 25 per cent. 14 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. MEADOWS. The area devoted to the hay crop has been in the past few years about as stable as the area devoted to any of the principal farm crops. However, on account of the drouth last year which killed out a great many meadows the area this year has been reduced 15 per cent. The average yield per acre is given by all correspondents for timothy, 1.6 tons, clover 1.75 tons. The average yield of timothy for the past five years has been 1,55 tons. The average price of timothy per ton on November first, this year, was $6.57, and for clover, $5,86. The value of the hay crop in the State is exceeded only by the value of wheat and corn. TABLE SaOWING YIELD AND FARM PRICES OF CROPS. Crop Summary. 3D 2 C '1 ? r. c» s <~- c et- ^ r^ ^ ^ '. f 0^ D (5 . to 11 - SB Crop yields for 1902 per acre: Kaffir corn, bush Sorghum seed, bush Sorghum syrup, gal Broom corn, brusli, lbs Clover seed, bush Timothy seed, bush Flax seed, bush Irish potatoes, bush Cow pea seed, bush Tobacco, lbs Alfalfa hay, tons Cotton lint, lbs ■. Average price on farm Nov. 1, 1902, per bush. Corn , cents Wheat, cents Oais, " Rye, " Flax seed, dollars Irish Potatoes, cents Timothy seed, dollars Clover seed " Oow pea seed " Timothy hay, per ton, dollars Clover hay, " " Broom corn, " " Average price received for this year's crop, per lb: Lint cotton, cents Leaf tobacco, " Wool. " 27 22 20 36 31 23 20 27 27 26 95 95 102 111 88 646 600 • • . . 500 840 2.31 2.14 1.9 3.22 1.65 5.04 5.12 5.16 5.89 4.71 7 7.33 10 6 3 80 122 144 149 120 106 17.9 12 28.4 17.4 886 1010 1400 687 625 3.75 4.37 3.60 4.2 521 32.1 475 31.7 30.6 31.4 29.5 57.0 59.2 57.4 54.4 55.2 27.3 24.7 26 26.3 26.5 47.1 44.4 43 44.2 49.1 1 04 1 06 1 02 1 04 32.7 25.5 23.4 31.8 35.3 1 71 1 41 1 55 1 81 1 62 5 78 6 58 5 49 5 5b 5 59 1 33 1 64 1 31 1 17 6 57 5 36 5 ,58 5 78 6 26 5 86 4 76 5 07 5 31 522 15 00 65 00 55 00 5C 00 50 00 55.00 7.1 9.6 10 9 10 9.4 16.8 16.5 15.8 17 15.7 25 14 79 2.62 4.3 92 14 709 2.85 567 37.5 58.9 33.2 54.7 47.5 2 18 5 45 1 19 10 07 8 93 7.3 9.8 19 FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORK. The farmers' institute work was inaugurated by the State Board of Agriculture at a meeting held in Independence, Missouri, December 29, 1882. From that time until the year 1891 the work was carried on with- out any appropriation for that purpose, and the meetings during all that time were conducted by the members and officers of the Board and pub- lic spirited citizens who serve without pay, and often paid their own expenses. The 36th General Assembly in 1891 appropriated $10,000 for REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15 institute work, and with that money a regular force of lecturers was em- ployed and 8i meetings were held ; 26 in 1891 and 55 in 1892. Each succeeding Assembly since that time has made an appropriation for this purpose. The amount appropriated for the last biennial period being $8,- 000. With this sum 234 meetings have been held, and a number of meet- ings are now in progress, and others have been planned for in the next few weeks, and when they are finished it will make a total of 250 meet- ings held this period. One hundred and twenty of these meetings were held before the last annual meeting, and the remainder since that time. Sixty per cent of the meetings have been conducted for tw'o days. The two annual meetings of the State Industrial Association were conducted for three days and the rest of the meetings for,one day only. The one-day meetings have been attended by two or three lecturers, the two-day meetings by four or five lectures, and the State meetings by a number of lecturers. The cost of the oresent meetings, compared with the cost of the first two years, is in a ratio of 32 to 123.4. Not only has the expense of hold- ing these meetings been reduced, but the ability of the lecturers em- ployed has been of a high standard as reference to the appended list will show. The attendance has been good with but few exceptions, and the farmers have taken a very great interest in the work. The exhibit feature has become more prominent, and I am sure is a great benefit. In nearly all the places fine displays have been made of orchard, garden, farm and other products. Many of these exhibits would do credit to the State, shown at the State Fair or other great expositions. One subject that has been given more than ordinary attention has been the subject of good roads. Twenty-five meetings have been held devoted entirely to this subject, and the plan of road construction and maintenance advocated by the lecturers has been put into practice in a number of counties, and has been approved by a number of our leading citizens. The plan of making hard dirt roads, as printed in the January bulletin, and which plan has been successfully operated for the past six years, by Mr. D. Ward King of Maitland, Missouri, has not only received the approval of a number of the citizens of this State, but it has attracted the attention of two other states, where the plan has been adopted. A NEW FEATURE OF INSTITUTE WORK. With the co-operation of the Agricultural College, a new feature of institute work has been inaugurated in a series of meetings that are now in progress. A passenger car has been placed at our disposal by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and the car is fil'ed with m.aterial 16 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. to be used in demonstration and for illustrating the lectures. The idea is to equip a car with material for use in any special line of work in which the farmer is interested, and in the car that is now being used in our meetings we have the following equipment : FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK IXSTRUCTION. Specimens of the various important grasses and forage plants such as alfalfa, different varieties of cow peas, different varieties of soy beans, various clovers, and the important grasses adapted to different sections of the State. Standard types of corn adapted to different classes of soils. Collection of concentrated feeding stuffs such as linseed meal, cot- tonseed meal, gluten meal, etc., with their value for fattening cattle and for feeding dairy cows. An exhibition of the commercial products manufactured from corn. Collection of principal kinds of commercial fertilizers, with their value and proper use. Paintings, diagrams, charts, photographs and magic lantern slides illustrating the most profitable types of beef and dairy cattle. FOR INSTRUCTION IN HORTICULTURE. Exhibit of properly grown fruit trees to illustrate the best methods of pruning and shaping trees. Exhibit of typical commercial varieties of fruit. Exhibit of spraying apparatus, including pumps, nozzles and spray materials, with the demonstration of their proper use. Exhibits of common diseases of the apple, peach, pear, plum, grape and small fruits, with illustrations of the best methods of preventing them. Exhibits of common insect pests of the orchard, garden and farm, with illustrations of the best methods of combating them. A demonstration of how to plant and prune orchard trees. A demonstrtion of how to graft apple trees. Charts, diagrams and drawings illustrating the best method of prun- ing trees in the orchard, and of training and pruning grape vines. A demonstration of how to select strawberry plants for the largest crop. ILLUSTRATING EVENING LECTURES. Magic lantern views of the work of different departments of the Experiment Station, and illustrating student life in the Agricultural Col- lege. A-2 KEPOUT OF SliCUliTAKY. 19 STANDARD AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES. Exhibits of the best half a dozen books : For the general farmer. For the live. stock farmer. For the dairyman. For the commercial orchardist. For the small fruit grower. For the vegetable grower. A list of the best bulletins and reports for free distribution, relating to cattle feeding, hog feeding, corn growing, cowpcas, clover, soy beans, alfalfa, dairying, fruit growing, vegetable growing, etc. Up to this date seven meetings have been held with the cxhi1)it car feature and the success of the plan has been far beyond our most san- guine expectations. I am confident that it will be an excellent idea for the State Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College to own their own car for this purpose, and in the future to conduct most of their meet- ings on this plan. Concerning this, movement and the farmers' institute work in general the St. Louis Republic of December 14, 1902, makes the following statement : "The Missouri farmers' institute meetings of the past have been pro- dutctive of such good results that a departure has been decided upon. An exhibit car is to be a feature at every meeting. "For those sections of the State where dairying is the most import- ant feature the car will be a traveling dairy school, and all the practical points connected with the production of milk, dairy manufacturing, pack- ing, judging and marketing will be fully demonstrated. "In other sections, where the fruit interests dominate, the car will be converted into a traveling horticultural school, carrying the special equipment bearing upon this subject. "Where the live stock interests are paramount, typical specimens of live stock will be carried and demonstrations of how to judge animals for the dififercnt purposes will be made. NEW ERA IN FARM INDUSTRY. "The present agitation marks the beginning of a new era in the de- velopment of the farming industry. The educators and developers are epoch makers. It is no longer necessary to discuss with the intelligent farmer the necessity for some kind of an educational effort to improve 20 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. his methods in farm operations. The man who uses his hands only must be left behind, but the man who uses his intellect to direct his hands will succeed." The lecturers that have been employed this year and the subjects that have been discussed ar given in the following list : H. J. WATERS, DEAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND DIRECTOR OP THE EXPERIMENT STATION. Subjects: The Utilization of the Corn Crop. Clover, Cowpeas and Alfalfa. The Profitable Use of the Corn Fodder Crop. The Work of the Agricultural College and ExiJcriment Station. DR. D. F. LUCKEY, STATE VETERINARIAN, COLUMBIA, MO. Subjects : The Prevention of Contagious Diseases Among Live Stock. Vaccine and Vaccination of Live Stock. Diseases of Poultry. The Horse's Foot. The Horse's Teeth. The State Veterinary Work. Laws Pertaining to Contagious Diseases of Live Stock. F. B. MUMFORD, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, MISSOURI AGRICULTURAI- COLLEGE. Subjects: Some Factors in the Economical Production of Beef. Practical Methods of Improving the Common Stock of Missouri. Alfalfa for Missouri. Agricultural Education. T. E. ORR. SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN POULTRY ASSOCIATION, BEAVER, PENNSYLVANIA. Subjects : I. Poultry Topics : Poultry as a Side Line for Farmers. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21 (a) Poultry Houses; (b) Poultry Yards; (c) Poultry Feeding; (d) Marketing Eggs and Poultry. 2. Poultry as a Business : (a) Getting Started; (b) Growing Into It; (c) Essentials and Flour- ishes. 3. The Business Poultry Plant. (a) Range; (b) Yards; (c) Houses; (d) Implements. 4. Poultry Work. (a) Hatching; (b) Brooding; (c) Feeding; (d) Enemies. GENERAL INSTITUTE TOPICS. Subjects : The Specialist or the General Farmer. The Horse the Farmer Should Raise. What Sheep Have Done. Grain Selling or Stock Growing. The Hog Man's Rotation. DR. J. C. WRITTEN, HORTICULTURIST OF MISSOITRI EXPERIMENT STATION. Subjects: Garden and Orchard. Some Fruit Diseases and Their Remedies. Plant Breeding. Some Lessons From European Agriculture. MR. EUCLID N. COBB, A PRACTICAL DAIRYMAN, IvIONMOUTH, ILL. Subjects: The Dairy Cow and Her product; How Shall We Handle Them? The Incubator and Brooder House ; How to be Successful With Both. The Value of Ensilage in the Dairy and Feed Lot. How to Build and How to Fill a Silo. Up-to-date Farming and What It Will Do for the Farmer. A Profitable System of Crop Rotation. 22 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. JOHN T. STINSON, DIRECTOR OF THE SOUTH MISSOURI FRUIT EXPERI- MENT STATION, MOUNTAIN GROVE, MISSOURI. Subjects : General Orchard Management. Spraying for Bitter Rot. Fruit Diseases and Remedies. COL. G. W. WATERS, EXPERIENCED INSTITUTE LECTUReTr, CANTON, MISSOURI. Subjects: Clover, Alfalfa and Cow Peas. A Simple and Inexpensive Method of Improving and Maintaining Our Public Roads. Profitable Pig bceding, DR. G. M. TUCKER, PROFESSOR OF SOIL PHYSICS, MISSOURI AGRICUL- TURAL COLLEGE. Subjects: Agricultural Education : What Agricultural Education is; The Desirability of it for Farmers; When should it Begin; W^hat Does it Do? Com- mon Schools ; High Schools ; Agricultural College. Soil Fertility : What is Soil Fertility? Influence of Physical Character of Soil : Influence of Water; Sources of Loss of r"ertility, Natural, Cropping; Ways of Restoring Fertility; Rotation of Crops; Fertilizers ; Stock. Commercial Fertilizers : Sources, Uses and Needs of Nitrogen, Potash and Phosphoric Acid ; Ready Mixed and Home Mixed Fertilizers ; Methods of Usng Fertlzers; Purchase of Fertlizers. DR. A. J. DETWEILER, BACTERIOLOGIST OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. Subjects : The Relation of Water to Disease. The Nature of Contagion and How it is Spread. The Disposal of Sewage and Garbage. Toxine, Anti-toxine and Vaccine. A Bakers Dozen of Putnam County Apples, measuring IG inches in height, shown at Farmers' Institute, 19u2. By courtesy of Hon. B. H. Bonfoey. Report of srcrrtary. 25 W. p. HARNED, FARMER AND BREEDER, VERMONT, MO. Subjects : The Most Profitable Farm Crops. The Grain Farmer vs. The Stock Grower. The Modern Cow. The Farmer Bov's Calf. N. p. MURRAY, EX-PRESIDENT OF STATE HORTICUI.TI'RE SOCIETY, ORE- GON, MISSOURI. Subjects : Orchard Management. Marketing the Fruit Croi). The Canning Industry. C. H. ECKUES, PROFESSOR OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY, MISSOURI AGRICUU- TURAL, COLLEGE. Subjects : Selection, Feeding and Care of the Dairy Herd. The Profits in Dairying. The Farm Separator and Farm Butter Making. The Value of Ensilage as a Feed for Dairy Cows. DR. R. C. MOORE, PRESIDENT OF KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE AND DEPUTY STATE VETERINARIAN. Subjects: Vaccine and Vaccination of Live Stock. Diseases of the Horse. DR. T. E. WHITE, EX-STATE VETERINARIAN, SEDALIA, MO. Subjects : Live Stock Sanitation. Live Stock Diseases. G. W. WILLIAMS, IIUMANSVILLE, MISSOURI. Subjects : Alfalfa in Southwest Missouri. Scientific Bee Keeping. Berry Growing. 26 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. W. L. HOWARD, ASSISTANT IN HORTICULTURE, MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION. Subjects: Planting and Cultivating Fruit Trees. Fungous Diseases and Remedies. Teaching Agriculture in the Public Schools. D. WARD KING, PRACTICAL FARMER, MAITLAND, MO. Subjects : Improvement and Maintenance of Our Public Roads. The Education of the Horse. C. D. LYON, GENERAL FARMER, HIGGINSPORT, OHIO. Subjects: Keeping up the Fertility of the Soil. Legumes as Soil Improvers. Some Questions of Tillage. Special Farm Crops. The Farm Garden. R. W. CLOTHIER, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, CAPE GIRARDEAU, MISSOITRI. Subjects : Alfalfa Growing in Southeast Missouri. Soil Improvement. Agricultural Education. MR. W. D. McKEE, BREEDER AND FARMER, POLO, MISSOURI. Subjects : The Improvement of Our Cattle. Free and Gratuitous Literature Prepared by the State and Govern- • ment ; What it is Worth to the Farmer. Dr. R. H. Jesse, President of University of Missouri, Hon. John R. Kirk, President of Kirksville Normal, and Prof. S. A. Hoover, Teacher of Agriculture, Warrensburg Normal, each attended several meetings and addressed the farmers on educational topics, and their lectures were highly appreciated. REPORT OF SF.CRETARY. 27 VETERINARY SERVICE. The Veterinary Department of the Board of Agriculture was estab- lished for the purpose of assisting in the development and protection of the live stock industry of the State. To fulfill this purpose requires two distinct lines of work ; investigation and control of diseases. These are both important but before the Board can know how to control the spread of a disease in the best way the natural cause of that disease must be un- derstood. The Board in the past few years has co-operated with the Experiment Station in the work of investigation of live-stock diseases to the great benefit of the live-stock owners. Especially is this true of the investigation of Texas Fever by Dr. J. W. Connaway, who has been assisted by the funds of the Board. New diseases will break out and the facilities for this work of investigation should be increased until tlicv arc ample to give the live-stock interests the best possible protection. In compliance with the provisions of sections 10545-6 of the Revised Statutes, 207 investigations have been made by the veterinarians since January first. One hundred and fifty-three of these cases were diagnosed glanders, two anthrax, nine Texas fever, one rabies and the other forty-two cases were of a less dangerous character, and many of them not contagious. In a great many of these cases more than one animal was afifected, and in all several thousand animals exposed. The prompt action in having these animals destroyed or placed under control, and thereby preventing further danger, has been a great service to the stock owners. The increase in the number of cases of glanders has most all been reported from the district of Kansas City. A deputy veterinarian has been appointed who lives in Kansas City, and who can give prompt attention to all tlie cases reported. With the co-operation of the local Board of Health and the enmity court it is thought that the infection there is about stamped out. TEXAS FEVER AND LIVE STOCK INSPECTION. Notwithstanding the fact that the Texas Fever outbreaks were more" numerous all over the country this year than usual, occasioned, no doubt, by the dry weather and the ground being protected with snow most of the time during the winter, no infested cattle, so far as we can ascer- tain, have been permitted to be shipped or driven from the counties in this State where infection is known to exist. The number of cases in the counties where infection exists has been much greater than in the 28 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. year 1901. These cases have been found only in the counties of Jasper, Newton, McDonald, Howell. The only infection reported in Howell county is in Thayer township. The infection in Jasper county is found in only three congressional townships, and principally in the vicinity of Joplin, township 27, ranges 33-34. The infection in Newton county is found in ten congressional townships and principally in the vicinity of Neosho. The infection in McDonald county is found in three congres- sional townships and principally in the vicinity of Southwest City and Tiff City. The Inspectors have been instructed to be diligent in preventing vio- lators from driving cattle into the State from infested districts, and have been instructed to try and locate every infected field, pasture or range, and to promptly place the same in quarantine. A number of guilty parties have been arrested and the cases are now pending in the courts. The inspection of cattle coming into jMissouri from below the quarantine line has been assumed by the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the pro- visions of the quarantine regulations of the State, and the State Inspectors employed by the Board have been enabled to give all their time to the control of diseases within the State. It would be very unwise to discontinue this work of inspection and quarantine and an adequate sum of money should be always at the com- mand of the Board to employ a sufficient number of men to locate and quarantine all infested cattle and pastures and prevent the driving of cattle into this State contrary to quarantine laws and regulations. It takes some time for the inspector to become familiar with the country and the people who are in sympathy with the enforcement of the law, and those who are not in sympathy with the law. The rule that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" applies here. The influ- ence of an active, honest, fearless inspector will prevent many violations. These facts should be taken into consideration when an inspector is em- ployed, and, while it might seem at times that there is no need for an in- spector or a number of inspectors, yet the spread of Texas Fever from a single violation might cause a greater loss to the cattle interests of the State than the expense of maintaining several inspectors the entire year. Owing to the rough and sparsely inhabited country along the boundary between Missouri and Arkansas it is difficult for one man to cover a great deal of country, and it seems to me that it would be wise to have a suf- ficient number of inspectors to visit every portion of the line as often as once each month. The report of the veterinarian herewith a])pcn(k(l will give further information. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 29 REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN. To the Missouri State Board of Agriculture: (Jentlemen — During the past year the work of the Vcterinar}- Depart- ment has been greater in extent than ever l)ef()re. There has been held a greater number of farmers' institutes than ever before in one year and this work has consumed a good deal of time. From some cause there has l)een a greater numl)er of outbreaks of glanders than has ever been reported in a single year. This may be most- ly attributed to the increased traffic in horses and mules, occasioned by the demand for horses and mules for the War Department of this country and England, the demand for horses and nudes for use in grading in and about the World's Fair ground and for use in grading for railroad con- struction. At any rate, the demand for work horsey and mules has been very great on every hand and the traffic in them has been in proportion. It is not unexpected nor discouraging, therefore, that there were a greater number of outbreaks of glanders than usually occur. During the drouth of 1901 a large per cent of the hogs, shec]) and cattle of the State were shipped to the market and to other States. In re supplying the farmers with stock cattle during the summer of 1902, after abundant crops were assured, as would naturally be expected, there were conveyed into the State more or less of the contagious diseases. Promi- nent among these diseases was tick (Texas) fever. Outbreaks of tick fever occurred in nine different lots of cattle in North and Central Mis- souri where the disease heretofore has been practically unknown. All of these outbreaks were promptly controlled and the infection eradicated and there is nothing further to be feared from this disease during the coming year, unless there is new infection introduced into the State. It is a mat- ter worthy of note that the ticks which caused the outbreaks of fever in this State in every case were picked up by native cattle in the native pens in the various stock yards, or in cars, which had not been properly disin- fected, in which the cattle were shipped. The disease occurred among cattle which, as a rule, were known to be from areas entirely free from fever ticks and far removed from the permanently infested section of the United States. There were introduced by this shipment a few other diseases of minor importance. Among them were mange and malignant catarrh. The mange has occurred in only a few places, as far as I am able to learn, and as it can easily be controlled and cured, it will probably not do a great amount of harm. Malignant catarrh, however, has broken out in numer- ous localities in this State and, principally owing to the fact that the af- fected cattle are not well cared for, is causing considerable loss. 30 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. MALIGNANT CATARRH. The majority of outbreaks have occurred in lots of cattle where it appeared to have been introduced by cattle brought from the various stock yards. In some instances, however, it started among lots of cattle ap- parently in a spontaneous manner. It is a disease not very well under- stood and is difficult to control. While it appears among cattle in a spon- taneous manner, it usually affects all of the young cattle in the lot and some of the older ones and thus far appears to be contagious. The symp- toms are barely noticeable to the ordinary observer up to a few days be- fore the death of the affected animals takes place. The first noticeable symptom is a catarrhal discharge from the nose and eyes. This is usu- ally thought to be "pink eye," from which the animal apparently recovers. The catarrhal conditions gradually spread to the air passages and cause ? short, dry cough. The temperature is often found to run as high as io6 degrees. The digestive organs appear to become seriously involved only during the last stages. The appetite remains good during the course of the disease, but the digestion is impaired and the food, consumed by the affected animal, appears to have no nourishing effect. When extremely weakened from the ravages of the disease for from three days to ten or twelve weeks, the affected animal usually ends up with dysentery and dies from exhaustion and inanition. There were a large number of sheep shipped into the State during the past fall. As would naturally be expected, some of them were af- fected with scab. The number of outbreaks, however, has not been alarm- ing and I anticipate no trouble in controlling the disease. During the winter of 1901 and 1902 the supply of hogs in this State ran down very low. During the summer of 1902 an abundant crop of corn was raised and the demand for hogs to which to feed it was almost un- limited. There was quite a traffic in stock hogs and by this and other means hog cholera has gained quite a foothokl in the State. During the three years previous to October ist, 1902, there was hardly any hog cholera to be found in the State. Hogs died here and there in small num- bers of different diseases, most of which were of minor importance. Since October ist, 1902, the hog cholera, diagnosed as such by expert meat in- spectors in the various packing houses, has made its appearance in many different localities in the State. Unless these outbreaks are controlled promptly and the most radical means used right away, for its suppression, the farmers of the State are liable to suffer enormous losses during the summer of 1903. Klil'OKT OF SI£CKETAKY. 31 CONTROL WORK. According- to the custom of the Veterinary Department ditring- the past, an attempt has been made to control all outbreaks of contagious dis- eases among the domestic animals and to eradicate the disease from the vicinity in which it existed, as promptly as possible. The letters from veterinarians of the State and petitions from freeholders, giving notices of outbreaks of contagious diseases, have all been answered with as much dispatch as possible. The increased traffic in horses the past few years lias resulted in an unusual number of outbreaks of glanders. The ship- ping in of stock cattle to take the place of cattle which were shipped out during the drouth has resulted in the introduction of tick fever into locali- ties in this State in which the disease has probably never existed before. There were two outbreaks of anthrax in the State during the year, and the source of the infection has never been known. All of the outbreaks of glanders and anthrax have been promptly controlled and the infection eradicated. All of the outbreaks of tick fever, except in the permanently infested area in South Missouri, have been controlled and the infection eradicated. HOG AND SHEEP DISEASES. Up to the present time no aggressive effort has been made to control the outbreaks of contagious diseases of hogs and sheep. The princ'pal diseases of these animals, which we may expect to find in this State, are hog cholera and sheep scab. Neither of these diseases has any extensive foothold in the State, and at present, although hog cholera is spreading rapidly, I believe that both can be eradicated from the State entirely if an aggressive fight is made immediately. During the past two years, through the courtesy of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, our Department has been furnished prompt notices of the receipt at any of the stock yards of any hogs affected with hog cholera or sheep affected with scab. The notice gives the name of the shipper, the place from which the stock was shipped, the date of ship- m.ent and the route and number of car on which shipment was made. This information is sufficient to enable the State Veterinarian to make a thor- ough investigation. We have tried to give the necessary attention to these outbreaks, but have not had a sufficient force of veterinarians to do it. If there were enough deputy veterinarians over the State, one could be sent to the point of origin of each car of infected stock to control the outbreak and advise the proper modes of disinfection. By selecting deputies in the 32 MISSOURI AGRltUL'IUKAL REPORT. different sections of the State, things can be arranged so that no deputy will have to travel any great distance and the extra cost of this work will therefore amount to a comparatively small sum. I beg leave to ask the approval of the Board to my plan to make an aggressive fight during ilie coming year against hog cholera and sheep scab and other diseases of hogs and sheep. The plan of the work will be to go in person or send a deputy to investigate the outbreak at the point of origin of any car of in- fected stock and give attention to proper notices of the existence of the hog and sheep diseases from whatever source. An investigation of the p.ature of the disease will be made, the necessary quarantine restrictions enforced and all possible advice given the owner of diseased stock as to the best methods of getting rid of the disease and disinfecting his prem- ises. BLACK LEG. Black leg is somewhat prevalent over the State at the i)resent time, but where preventive vaccination has been practiced there have been but small losses. The preventive vaccination has proved a great success, and cattlemen have been advised to use it freely. In order to encourage the use of vaccine, the Veterinary Department has arranged to co-operate with tlie United States Department of Agriculture in the distribution of vac- cine throughout this State. The August bulletin of 1902 was principally devoted to the subject of black leg, and in it was given the information necessary for the stockmen to use in the prevention of the disease. While two thousand extra copies of this bulletin were printed last August, the supply is about exhausted. TICK FEVER. The plan of placing a quarantine on each l)uiicli of cattle within this State, found to be infested with fever ticks, has worked out admirably during the past year. There has been a large number of farms and bunches of cattle fjuarantined in the permanently infested area in South- west Missouri, and without any county or township quarantine, not a sin- gle bunch of infested cattle originating in Missouri has reached any non- infested territory. I do not think it advisable, with the exception of Thayer township, for the Board to put a quarantine on any county or township in this State. The principal reason is that the infected farms in Southwest Missouri are somewhat scattered, and in order to quarantine, even the township in which the infected farms are situated, a good deal of non-infected territory must necessarily be included. It will require a great deal of an inspec- tor's time to go to railroad points and inspect the cattle for shipment which REPORT OF SECRETARY. 33 have originated in the non-infested portion of the quarantined township or county. It often happens that such an inspection requires his attention exactly at a time when he should be rounding up some bunch of infested cattle or on guard on the State line. It is also important to notice that where there are only three or four infested farms in a township that, if the entire township is quarantined by the Board, restrictions are placed on the movement of the healthy cattle and the infested cattle have the lib- erty of the whole township and, if allowed to exercise this liberty, the in- fection will gradually spread. The infection in Southwest Missouri is not so scattered but that an inspector can locate and quarantine every infected farm. He will even have time to return to these farms occasionally to sec if the necessary dipping has been done to disinfect the cattle. By following the plan of quarantining individual farms, the spread of the infection has been suc- cessfully controlled. The owner of the infested cattle has by this metliod an opportunity to get from the inspector all the information he needs in the disinfection of his cattle and land, and the restrictions on the move- ment of a bunch of infested cattle brings the owner face to face with the necessity of getting rid of the infection. For the coming year I recommend : (i) That the Board adopt the Federal Quarantine Line as it was placed last year. (2) That the enforcement of the quarantine relating to the interstate movement of cattle be left as much as possible to the Federal inspectors and that these inspectors be authorized by the Board to enforce necessary local quarantine within this State. (3) That the State lend its assistance, when necessary, to the Federal inspectors, but that our main effort should be to eradicate the infection from the areas within this State that have heretofore been considered per- manently infected territory. (4) That the State Veterinarian appoint only one inspector and locate him at some point in Southwest Missouri convenient to the infested area. (^5) That the Board place a quarantine on Thayer township. The reason for advising that Thayer township be placed in quaian- tine is that practically all of this township is infested, and there is usually only a very small number of cattle in the township that anyone cares to move. The vacant lots surrounding the shipping pens at Thayer arc in- fested with fever ticks every year, and I consider it impossible for an^'onc to drive a bunch of cattle from outside of the township and get them into the shipping pens during the summer and fall without exposing the cattle to the infested ground surrounding the pen. The shipment of cattle from A-3 34 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Thayer during- the summer and fall should not be permitted. This can be controlled by refusing to inspect and pass cattle at such times as the infection is known by the inspector to be present. NECESSITY OF MORE DEPUTIES. While I have not completed the list of names of some twelve or fif- teen more deputies which I wish to appoint to assist in control work dur- ing the coming year, I have in view to appoint as many more capable men in different parts of the State as may be needed. The additional number of deputies will not necessarily increase the cost of the service except inas- much as the work increases. In order to carry out the plan of eradicating hog and sheep diseases economically, more deputies will be absolutely necessary. I will try to have a list of names ready to submit to the Execu- tive Committee at its January meeting, and I hope the Board will author- ize this Committee to approve such appointments as seem acceptable to it. SPECIAL, INVESTIGATION. During the past year a contagious disease among swine has appeared in Boone, Saline, Carroll and other counties. The nature of this disease is not well understood at the present time. The State Veterinarian should have the opportunity to investigate this and all other similar diseases and control them properly before they spread all over the State. A thorough study of the parasitic diseases of hogs and sheep should be made in this State during the coming year, and information as to their prevention given out to the public as soon as possible. The necessity of special investiga- tion is very great at the present time, and it is absolutely necessary to ar- range to leave more of the control work to deputies and give the State Veterinarian an opportunity to make investigations of outbreaks of dis- eases that are not already understood. I believe this will be serving the best interests of the State. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Reports are out to the effect that foot and mouth disease exists in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. While it is the duty of the Board to duly protect this State against the introduction of this dis- ease, I do not think that there is at present any sufficient reason for quar- antining against Eastern cattle. There are several reasons for not issuing additional quarantine regulations until they are an absolute necessity. However, if any information comes to hand at the annual meeting which indicates any danger of the introduction of foot and mouth disease into the State, a quarantine against Eastern cattle should be made immediately. Most respectfully submitted, D. F. LUCKEY, State Veterinarian. REl-OKT OF SliCKETARY. 35 REPORT OF DR. MOORE. Kansas City, Mo., Dec. 15, 1902. Mr. Geo. B. Ellis, Scc'y Missouri vState Board of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo. : Dear Sir — In response to your request of the 12th inst., have the honor to submit the following as a brief report of the work done by me in Kansas City and vicinity : From January 14th to December ist, 1902, there have been examined about 1,200 horses and mules, 129 horses and 7 mules were found to be afflicted with glanders and condemned. Of those condemned, 19 were tested with mallein. Forty-three were destroyed by consent of the owner without appraisement. In most instances the county court allowed par- ties the sum of $5.00 for animals destroyed without appraisement. Thir- teen visits have been made to inspect cattle and three to inspect horses out- side of Kansas City. Two horses near Pleasant Hill, Mo., were found to be afflicted with glanders, one was destroyed by consent of owner with- out process of law. Four outbreaks of Texas fever were investigated, one each at Belvidere, Belton, Holden and Marshall. About 400 cattle were exposed and quarantined of which nearly 100 died. In each instance the disease was limited by quarantine to the animals exposed before ar- rival. The sources of contagion for the cases of glanders reported in Kan- sas City are not often ascertainable, the cases occurring one here and one there, but from what can be learned it seems probable that virus is con- veyed from animal to animal by means of the public watering basins, which are so constructed that the overflow is into a central pipe and the margin? of the basin are not thereby washed and the virus carried away. The citizens and officers of this city are co-operating by promptly reporting all suspected cases and I believe that the disease is now very much less preva- lent than during the summer. Very respectfully, R. C. MooRE, D. V. S., Deputy State Veterinarian. ENFORCEMENT OF THE ANTI-BUTTERINE LAW. There have been a greater number of cases filed and a greater number successfully prosecuted under this law this year than any previous year since the law was enacted. In Kansas City the Inspector has obtained evidence which resulted in the conviction of four cases in the Federal Court for violation of the United States law, 17 cases have been filed under the 36 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. State law, and 5 of these have been tried and the parties convicted ; one has been lost and the remainder arc still pending in the different divisions of the Kansas City Court. Owing- to the beneficial effect of what is known as the Grout bill, the services of the Inspector at Kansas City have been dispensed with since September 5th, and since that time the Inspector has been paid a fee for each conviction. He has secured three convictions under this agreement. The St. Louis Inspector has been employed the whole year. Mr. J. H. Wilkinson has served as inspector, and a larger number of cases have been filed and greater number of prosecutions have been won in the city of St. Louis than any year previous in the entire State. For detailed information in regard to the situation in St. Louis I refer to the following report by the Inspector : St. Louis, Mo., December 6th, 1902, To the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo. : Gentlemen — I herewith submit the following report of the work done in tlic city of St. Louis toward the enforcement of the Olemargarinc law. for the year commencing with December 16, 1901, the date of my last an- nual report. During the past year suit has been filed and judgment rendered in the justice court in each of the following cases, to-wit : The State of Missouri vs. Alex McCabe Judgment for Defendant. .Appellant, State Jas. J. Bowlin Jos. Adler Edward Olszewiski Hess & Baltezor Chas. H. Timmerberg. ... " " " Jas. A. Barnes Ferdinand Rossi H. W. Damme Wm. Zeltmann Louis Meyer Geo. Goener Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. N. A. Quigley L. R. Manion F. B. Hunter " " State No appeal George Harris " " " " " W. W. Britt " "Defendant State J. B. Ackfeld Henry Fasterling et al. RKrORT OF SECRETARY. 37 Henry Vandeloecht Judgment for Defendant State Wm. E. Vach " " " John Madsten " " " Otto Schmidt " " " Robert Fleming " " " P. J. Ryan " " " C. E. Sanner Grocery Co. " " " Albert Schramm " " " John Petersen " " " Bauer & Budo " " " Anna M. Beckerkord " " " , Edward Eiben " " " Fred. Koch " " " Chas. H. Hilf " " " Chas. F. Lang " " " Will Docter " " " Gustave Klein " " " Godfrey Wolf " " " Herman Buehler . " " " Wm. G. Hagedorn " " " F. W. Jost " " " Chas. M. Semtner " " " Chas. Deickmann " " " Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. Geo. Goener " " " John Lawrence " " State No appeal The State will not realize anything on the judgments obtained against F. B. Hunter, George Harris and John Lawrence, mentioned in the above list, as parties against whom the judgment was had. Each one of the parties was forced to suspend business for the lack of money, and they are now working for others. I have seen and talked with each one of the three, and I am convinced that nothing could be realized on the judgments jiist now. The manufacturer, The Standard Butterine Company, who sold the goods, is now in the hands of a receiver, so no help can be ex- pected from that direction. Thirty-three cases compromised. 38 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The following cases have, in accordance with the terms of the Board, been settled and dismissed in the circuit court. In each of the following cases the defendant paid the sum of twcnty-fivc dollars and costs of court, viz. : State of Missouri vs. Alex McCabe. J. J. Bowlin. Jos. Adler. Ed. Olszewiski. Hess & Baltezor. C. A. Timmerberg. Jas. Barnes. H. W. Damme. Wm. Zeltmann. N. A. Quiglcy. L. R. Manion. J. B. Ackfeld. Hy. Vandeloecht. W. E. Vach. John Madsten. Otto Schmidt. John Petersen et al. Ed. Eiben. Chas. Lang. Will Docter. F. W. Jost. Chas. H. Semtner. Zurheide Bros. Stocker Bros. Gro. Co. George Goener. Wm. J. Hagedorn. Anna M. Beckenkord. Bauer & Budo. Gus. Klein. Chas. W. Ililf. P. J. Ryan. C.E.Sanner Grocer Co. C. Kuhlmann. Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. A. J. Schramm. C. Huhlmann. Chas. D. Kelting, Qias. C. Duemler. John P. O'Conor. In 21 cases an agreement to compromise, on the above terms, has been arrived at in each of the following cases, to-wit : State of Missouri vs. William Leownau. Ferdinand D. Mundinger. Chas. Deickmann. Herman W. Heuman. George Goener. Henry W. Meyer. Louis Meyer. Fred. Heehs. Henry Fasterling et al. Benjamin Surkamp. John Madsten. H. Bohn Gro. Co. Godfrey Wolfe. R. L.Fleming. Herman Heumann. The last named cases will be reached some time in February or March of next year. The State obtained judgment in the circuit court on an appeal from the justice court against Herman W. Heumann and Wm. Loewnau, in the sum of fifty dollars and costs. The trial of the State vs. Henry W. Meyer resulted in a verdict for the defendant on an incorrect instruction given to the jury by the court against the objection of the State's attorney. The court was convinced of its error, and gave the State a new trial in said case. The case of the State vs. L. F. MeyerhofT was lost to the State. An affidavit for an appeal was made in the last named case ; but, it being the opinion of the Board that an appeal had best not be taken, the case was dismissed at the State's cost. Altogether the number of cases in the circuit court on appeal from the justice court amounts to 67. Thirty-two of this number have already been compromised and an agreement to compromise has been reached REPORT OF SFXRETARY. 39 in twenty-two, making in effect a disposal of fifty-four of the sixty-seven cases. Thirteen cases remain to be disposed of. Of this number several are execution proof, consequently the prosecution of these worthless cases need not be carried any further. I hope to be able, at an early date, to compromise as many of the thirteen cases as possible. Respectfully, Jno. H. WiIvKinson, Inspector of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture. The Auditing Committee submitted the following report: REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE. We, the undersigned Committee authorized. to examine vouchers ap- proved by the Executive Conunittee which are now in the hands of the Secretary and the warrants drawn therefor by the President and Secre- tary which have been paid, canceled and returned by the Treasurer and compare the same with the financial statement of Secretary and Treasurer, after a careful examination of the same, submit the following report : FUND— DISTRIBUTION OP ANNUAL REPORT. We find vouchers io8 and 109 have been approved and corresponding warrants issued which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer. Balance in fund, 0.00. FUND-MONTHLY CROP REPORT. We find that vouchers 244 to 'o.d'j, inclusive, have been approved and corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer. Balance in fund, $132.23. FUND— EXPENSE OP MEMBERS. We find that vouchers 453 to 499 have been approved and correspond- ing warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer except that warrant No. 486 issued to S. H. Prather for amount of $10, and warrant No. 498 "issued to W. C. Howell for 'amount of $15 have not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The balance shown in the Secretary's statement is $420.31. The Balance shown in the Treas- urer's statement is $445.31. When the above warrants are paid the ac- counts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond. 40 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. FUND— OFFICE EXPENSE. We find that vouchers 404 to 448 have been approved and correspond- ing warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer. Balance in fund, $206.49. FUND-FARMERS' INSTITUTE. We find that vouchers 480 to 523 have been approved and correspond- ing- warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer except that warrant No. 494 issued to Swine Breeders' Association for amount of $25 has not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The balance shown in the Secretary's statement is $654.90. The balance shown in the Treasurer's statement is v$679.90. When the above warrant is paid the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond. FUND-SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT. We have examined the Secretary's account fund and find that the Secretary has received to the credit of said fund $2,829.47. We find ac- counts filed and corresponding receipts on file for the total amount of $2,657.44, leaving a balance on hand $172.03. FUND-STATE VETERINARY. We find that vouchers 1248 to 1347 have been approved and cor- responding warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer except that warrant No. 1341 issued to R. B. Love for amount of $20.00 and warrant No. 1346 issued to Jesse Robards for amount of $134.45 have not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The balance shown in the Secretary's statement is $1,074.49. The balance shown in the Treasurer's statement is $1,228.94. When the above war- rants are paid the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond. FUND— BUTTERINE. We find that vouchers 362 to 401 have been approved and correspond- ing warrants issued, which have been paid aiKl canceled by the Treasurer. We find that warrant No. 320 issued May ist, 1901, to C. G. Miller for the amount of $1 has not been presented for payment, but the Secretary holds a receipt for the warrant. The balance shown in the Secretary's state- REPORT OF SECRETARY. 41 ment is $381.46. The balance shown in the Treasurer's statement is $382.46. When the above warrant is paid or canceled the accounls of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond. All of which is respectfully submitted. W. T. Carrington, Alex. Maitland, Auditing Committee. On motion of Mr. Potts, the report was adopted as submitted. The Committee on Agricultural College made the following report: REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE COMMITTEE. Mr. President : Your Committee after an examination of the Agricultural College and Experiment Station, beg to submit the following report: 1. We are gratified to note that the new dairy building, the new live stock judging building, and the new horticultural building, for which appropriations were made by the last General Assembly, appear to be well adapted to the purposes for which they are intended, that they pre- sent a neat and attractive appearance, and we desire to especially com- mend the action of the authorities in constructing these buildings of na- tive lime-stone instead of brick. They are permanent structures of which any Agricultural College in the country may be justly proud. 2. In our judgment the lines oi work undertaken by the Experi- ment Station in crops, tillage, stock feeding, orcharding, diseases of live stock, combating of injurious insects, etc., are proving of great value in the development of the Agricultural resources of the State and in point- ing out the way to more successful systems of farming. 3. We note with pleasure that the work of the Agricultural College has been still further improved, the standards materially raised, and feel certain that this instruction is now upon the same high plane as that of any other subject in University work, and is entitled to the same respect and consideration from the teachers and students of the institution. 4. We commend especially the close and friendly co-operation be- tween the Board of Agriculture and the College and Experiment Station in all matters of mutual interest, such as Farmers' Institute work, pro- motion of Agricultural Education, suppression of contagious diseases among plants and live-stock, the combating of injurious insects, etc., and trust that these relations may be continued upon the same basis to the benefit of the Agriculture of this commonwealth. 42 ^riSSOURI AGRICULTURAL RETORT. 5. The seeking of co-operation on the part of the Federal govern- ment with the Missouri Experiment Station, in many of its most import- ant lines of work, is a high compliment to the character of the men con- I'ected with the Station and to the lines of work undertaken. 6. We desire to commend the very useful work done heretofore by Dr. Connaway in the diseases of cattle, and the exceedingly valuable work now in progress with reference to the diseases of swine. The import- ance of this work to the live stock interests of the State we believe justi- fies and demands that he be provided with trained assistants and labora- tories and hospitals entirely adequate for the vigorous prosecution of these investigations. In our judgment the sum of $50,000 should be appro- priated for the furtherance of this w'ork. We consider that money can- not be more profitably expended than for the protection of the live stock interests of the State. 7. We find that the buildings for the housing of the live stock of the College are wholly inadequate, are practically worn out and are not at all adapted to the purposes for which they are now used. These buildings v/hen constructed many years ago were perhaps satisfactory, but have long since outlived their usefulness and are now discreditable to the insti- tution and to the State and should be replaced with new and modem structures. For the erection of suitable barns for the housing of the live stock of the College, and for carrying out the experimental work now in progress, we earnestly recommend that the sum of $10,000 be appropriated. 8. We believe that the Agricultural students should be given practi- cal training and experience in operating all classes of modern farm imple- ments and machinery. The manufacturers have offered to donate this machinery and keep it up to date, provided the College will furnish a suitable building where it may be housed and operated. In view of the importance of this work and of the opportunity to secure thousands of dollars worth of equipment, we earnestly recommend that the sum of $4,000 be appropriated for a farm machinery laboratory and for the necessary engine, shafting, belts, etc., for the operation of the same. 9. In order that Missouri may not rank as second in her live stock industry, we recommend an appropriation of $10,000 for providing the necessary facilities for instruction in this important subject. We cannot hiope to have our young men excel in this industry w^ithout as good facili- ties for their training as is provided by any state in the Union. 10. The rapid growth and popularity of this branch of the Univer- sity, renders imperative the demand for more help to rightly care for its work, and for meeting this need we recommend the appropriation of $6,000 for two years. REPORT OF SECRF.TARY. 43 ' II. Tn case the appropriation made for the new buildings is not sufficient to completely equip Uicm with all necessary facilities for instruc- tion and research, we recommend that the Board of Curators request the Legislature to appropriate the money necessary for this purpose. 12. We are glad to note the friendly interest the authorities of the University manifest in the development of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, and trust that the teachers and officers of this De- .partment may continue to have their friendly co-operation and support. We earnestly recommend to the Board that they use their best endeavors to secure adequate funds for the further equipment of the College, and for the enlargement of the work of the Experiment Station. We believe that the best investment that the State and the University make is in the practical experimental work conducted by the Station, and that liberal sup- port should be given to this Department of the institution. 13. We believe that a Demonstration Car fitted up by the College will prove to be a valuable feature of the Farmers' Institute work held under the auspices of this Board. We commend this new departure on the part of the Secretary of this Board and the Agricultural College. 14. We recommend that provisions be made for the teaching of Agri- culture in the common schools and the graded schools of the State, that steps be taken toward the articulation oi this v^'ork with the Agricultural College just as the academic courses in our high schools are articulated with the University. 15. We note with pleasure that there are successful efforts put forth to teach Agriculture and Horticulture in the common schools of the State and w^e find that the University authorities responded to the request made by this Board last year to have bulletins prepared by its professors on these subjects for the teachers. Believing that the Agricultural College can do much for agriculture through the teachers of the State, we recommend that it provide a Correspondence Department, the principal work of which shall be in- structure and examining teachers on the subject matter of these bulletins and to direct teachers in giving instruction in these subjects in the coun try districts. We recommend that a committee of three be appointed to bring thi.-. matter to the attention of the University Board of Curators and urge upon them to make such provision as is herein recommended. W. L. Bryant, . W. C. Hoavel;., C. F. Afflick, Committee. 44 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, F. J. Hess. Vice-President, C. F. Afflick. Secretary, Geo. B. Ellis. Assistant Secretary, Snowdon V>. Willis. Treasurer, H. H. Banks. The following members of the Executive Committee were elected : F. J. Hess. C. F. Afflick. H. J. Waters. W. C. Howell. W. L. Bryant. Dr. H. J. Waters called up the recommendations which were made by the Executive Committee for amount of moneys needed for the next biennial period, and after a discussion of the same, the action of the Ex- ecutive Committee was unanimously approved in making the following recommendations : We recommend to the Legislature that the following amounts will be needed for the next biennial period : Veterinary Fund $20,oco Farmers' Institute Fund 10,000 Annual Report Fund 4,000 Distribution of Annual Report Fund 1,000 Office Expense Fund 1,000 Crop Report Fund 2,000 Expense of Members' Fund 1,500 Butterine Fund 4,000 We would further state that we believe the salaries of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of this Board are inadequate and would recom- mend an amendment that would give two thousand dollars per annum for Secretary's salary and one thousand per annum for Assistant Secre- tary. The Secretary is the executive officer of the Board and his duties correspond to those performed by similar departments of other States where the salary is from two thousand to three thousand dollars. The publication of the annual report and the monthly bulletin, collecting crop and live stock statistics, the supervision of the farmers' institute work and the State Veterinary Service requires the entire time of the Secretary. The character of the annual report and the monthly bulletins issued from REPORT OF SIXUETAUY. 45 the Secretary's office has received the most favorable comment by a great number of farmers, both in and out of Missouri, and we can see no rea- son why the above increase of salaries should not be allowed. Upon motion of J\Ir. Maitland, the Board took a recess to permit a meeting- of the State Fair Directory. Board called to order by the President after recess. Upon motion of Mr. Carrington, the Executive Comniittee was in- creased to seven members. Upon motion of H. J. Waters, W. R. Wilkinson and J. J. Conrad were elected as the additional two members of the Committee. Board took recess until 8 130 Wednesday morning. Wednesday, December 17th, 8:30 a. m. Board met in parlors of Gordon Hotel and in the absence of the President, was called to order by the Vice-President, C. F. Afflick. DEATH OF JUDGE MARTIN. Mr. Maitland offered the following resolution : Whereas, it has pleased Divine Providence to call unto- Himself the Dean of the Law School of the University of the State of Missouri ; there- fore be it Resolved, that the members of the State Board of Agriculture, now in annual session, recognize the great loss to the State of Missouri by his sudden demise, and they hereby express their deep sympathy with his family and associates in their sad bereavement. The resolution was unanimously adopted and ordered spread upon the records. Mr. Br}'ant moved that all power vested in the full Board be dele- gated to the Executive Committee, and they are hereby authorized to act for the full Board whenever the full Board is not in session. Motion car- ried. There being no further business, the Board adjourned. Ferd J. Hess, Geo. B. Ellis, President. Secretary. 46 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL STATEMENT. DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND. Date. 1902. April 2 .Tune 2 July 5 War. No. 108 109 Name. Dr. To requisition By American Express Oo. E. F. Ammerman $150 00 $150 00 Or. $108 73 41 28 $150 00 MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND. Date, War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1901. Dec. 3 1902. .Ian. 3 Feb. 1 April 2 May 3 i ( June 2 4 ( July 5 i I ( ( t ( Aug. 1 » ( t C t t Sept. 5 Oct. 3 h t I ( Nov. () ( ( ( ( Dec. 6 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 235 206 267 To balance. By H. H.Banks F. O. Sawyer Paper Co.. S. H. Elkins To re(iuisition By S.H. Elkins A. B. Dick Oo S. H. Elkins ' To requisition By .1. Manz Engraving Co. To requisition By Missouri Statesman — S. H. Elkins To requisition ByS. H. Elkins Missouri Statesman Missouri Statesman To recjuisition By Missouri Statesman — S. H. Elkins S.H. Elkins S. H. Elkins Missouri Statesman To re(iuisition By Missouri Statesman S. H. Elkins To requisition By Missouri Statesman — S. H. Elkins S. II. Elkins To requisition By .'^. U. Elkins Missouri Statesman Balance $106 12 100 00 100 00 loo'oo" 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 $906 12 $5 00 19 17 16 00 42 40 2 69 50 00 6 33 155 15 2 70 1 50 41 60 36 (iO 54 40 2 65 22 40 21 20 3 00 38 40 75 40 25 17 90 38 00 21 80 134 00 132 23 $906 12 RErORT OF SECRETARY. 47 EXPENSE OF MEMBERS' FUND. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Or. 1901. Dec. 3 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 470 477 47714 478 479 480 481 482 4H3 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 493 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 To balance $449 27 Dec. 18 By J. W. Hill $15 00 8 ''0 ( 1 W. T. Oairinston t t 0. L. Boissellor 17 35 1 ( 0. V. Afllick 10 05 1 1 H. F. Hand W. K. Wilkinson 11 60 i » 24 40 ( ( Alex. Maitland 14 .50 1 1 F. J. Iless 25 49 t ■ W. 0. Howell 17 70 26 90 1 < J. J. McNatt ( ( J. A. Potts 4 50 1 C A. T. Nelson 28 00 • ( N. H.Gentry fi SO ■ i J. W. Hill 15 00 1903. Jan. 3 H. H. Banks 5 00 Feb. 1 To requisition 100 00 ( * By Geo. B.Ellis 15 80 Mar. 5 H. J. Waters 11 45 11 45 16 70 ( t Geo. B. Ellis 1 1 Wm. 0. Howell May 3 W. L. Bryant W. R. Wilkinson 18 25 4 90 t > W. 0. Howell 15 00 1 ■ F. J. Hess ... . 16 16 ( 1 Geo. B. Ellis 13 70 ( ( H.J. Waters 10 80 July 5 1 » W. G. Howell 14 00 Geo. B. Ellis 13 60 l< H. J. Waters To requisition 13 ''0 Au^. 1 200 00 « i By H. J. Waters Geo. B.Ellis 12 70 1 i 14 25 Aug. 20 1 1 Geo. B. Ellis 8 95 Wm. 0. Howell 10 00 8 00 5 00 1 ( H. F Hand c . W. L. Bryant • c S. H . Prather 10 00 • 1 0. F.Atnick 20 00 i t t t W. T. Oarrington F.J. Hess 5 00 24 76 13 25 8 30 3 00 Sent. 5 A T. Nelson ( t H.J. Waters Geo. B. Ellis ■ i W. L. Brvant 5 00 Oct. 3 To requisition 100 00 t ( By W. L. Bryant 5 00 ( * H. J. Waters 17 30 15 80 13 30 I ( Geo. B Ellis Dec. 6 1 ( To requisition By Geo. B. Ellis 300 00 t t W 0. Howell 15 00 9 35 420 31 1 1 H. J. Waters ( ( balance $1.049 37 $1,049 37 48 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL UEPORT. OFFICE EXPENSE FUND. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Or. 1901. Dec. 3 1902. Jan. 3 Feb. 1 I k t I March 5 t t I i I I April 2 t I t 1 May 4 ( I ( June July Aug.^ I I Sept. Oct._ ( I ( ( 1 I Nov. ( I Dec. 40 i 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 423 423 424 435 4i6 427 438 4:19 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 '4i:V 441 445 416 447 448 To balance . (136 34 Hy Snowdon Willis W. E. Harshe S. P. Howell Snowdon Willis Wabash Railroad S. P. Howell To requisition By Columbia Telephone Co. W. E. Harshe S. P. Howeil Snowdon Willis ICO 00 American Express Co. S. H. Elkins S. P. Howell Snowdon Willis S. P. Howell W. E. Harshe Snowdon Willis P. A. Luckey S. P. Howell To requisition By W. E. Harshe Snowdon Willis Missouri Statesman .. 100 00 S. P. Howell Snowdon Willis S. P. Howell W. E. Harshe S. P. Howell Snowdon Willis Columbia Telephone Co To requisition By Snowdon Willis Wabash Railroad Co F. O. Sawyer Paper Co D. A. Luckey W. E. Harshe To retjuisition By Snowdon Willis Columbia Telephone Co D. A. Luckey To requisition By S. H. Elkins I). A. Luckey University Co-operative Store VV. E. Harshe Snowdon Willis Missouri Statesman Balance . . . 100 00 100 00 100 00 $636 34 $10 00 2 30 17 95 10 00 2 39 15 95 6 70 4 10 15 55 10 00 10 00 1 43 1 85 10 70 10 CO 15 00 1 75 10 00 5 45 16 00 2 65 10 00 2 50 3 25 17 70 10 00 15 53 2 25 15 45 10 00 7 45 10 00 2 04 29 81 15 55 2 30 10 00 7 35 15 78 20 00 16 24 1 63 1 60 10 00 7 75 206 49 $636 34 REPORT OF SECRETARY. 41) FARMERS INSTITUTE FUND. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Or. 1901. Dec. 3 1903. Jan. 3 « i Feb. 1 March 5 April 2 I I I ( i I May 3 t i IC (• ( ( ( ( June 2 • I 4 ( July 5 t i i i • I Aug. 1 Aug. 20 Sept. 5 Oct. 3 i 1 ( i Nov. 6 t ( Dec. 6 ISO 481 482 483 484 485 48() 487 *488' 489 490 491 492 493 494 '49.5 496 497 *498" 499 500 501 503 503 504 .505 506 507 .508 509 510 'sii' 513 513 514 515' 516 517 'sis' 519 .520 531 533 533 To balance. By GeorRe B. Ellis H. H. Banks American Express Co George B. Ellis J. Manz Engraving Co Missouri Statesman G. W. Waters S. H. Elkins To requisition By American Express Oo N.F.Murray George B. Ellis Dr. J. W. Oonnoway Missouri Statesman Road Improvement association. Swine Breeders' Association To requisition ByS. H. Elkins Geo. B. Ellis S. H Elkins To requisition By Tribune Printing Oo W. L. Schubert.. Geo. Wilson Hamilton Wm. Duvalt D. B. Matthews Geo. B. Ellis Geo. B. Ellis J. Manz Engraving Oo G. W. Waters American Express Co Robert B. Harshe S. H. Elkins D. Ward King To requisition By Geo. B. Ellis Geo. B. Ellis H. H. Banks Geo. B.Ellis To requisition ByS. H. Elkins Geo. B. Ellis A. B. Dick Co To requisition By Geo. B. Ellis 'Geo. B. Ellis To requisition By Geo. B.Ellis Geo. B. Ellis Missouri Statesman Geo. B. Ellis Balance $691 37 200 00 200 00 500 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 500 00 ' 600 66 1,691 87 $50 00 25 00 7 21 50 00 13 16 74 20 8 75 3 55 5 25 35 00 50 00 17 34 103 10 50 00 25 00 22 40 50 00 50 00 110 00 15 00 25 00 15 00 35 00 50 00 50 00 2 25 88 89 4 43 8 50 20 00 85 00 50 00 50 00 17 50 1,000 00 64 80 50 00 2 14 50 00 1,000 00 50 00 500 00 14 00 50 00 654 90 $4,691 37 A-4 50 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. SECRETARY S ACCOUNT. Date. Name. Dr. Or. 1901. Dec. 17 17 17 17 21 23 30 1902. .Jan. Feb. March Sept. 8 9 16 16 16 21 21 21 23 24 29 30 8 26 26 28 5 6 11 August 23 28 28 28 28 2 4 9 9 9 16 17 18 22 22 23 26 2 2 2 3 3 6 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 18 23 6 6 6 6 14 15 18 22 24 24 26 26 28 28 28 28 29 Oct. Nov. To balance By S. H. Elklns J. M. Stedman . . E. DeLay. F. B. Mumford. . Dr. A. T. Peters S. H. Elkins S. e. Elkins Dr. D. F. Luckey Southern Printers' Supply Co New York Engraving and Printing Oo. J. Manz Engraving (Jo S. H. Elkins (money order) J. B. Lippincott Oo 0. M. Oooper& Oo G. W. Waters S. H. Elkins O. H. Eckles S. H. Elkins J. Manz Engraving Oo S. H. Elkins .1. Manz Engraving Oo S. H. Elkins To deposit by George B. Ellis Warrant No. 514 on Farmers' Institute Fund By 0. D. Lyon George W. Waters Euclid N. Cobb D. F. Luckey , H.J. Waters N. F. Murray Euclid N.Oobb G. W. Waters O.D.Lyon O. H. Eckles G.M.Tucker J. O. Whitten F. B. Mumford G. W. Waters F. S. Webster &0o D. F. Luckey W.D.McKee Dr. A. J. Det weiler G.M.Tucker To Warrant No. 519 on Farmers' Institute Fund By H . J. Waters G. W. Waters F. B. Mumford N.F.Murray S. A. Hoover D. Ward King T.E.Orr 0. D. Lyon J. T. Stinson J. 0. Whitten W. P. Harned S. U. Elkins To Warrant No. 521 on Farmers' Institute Fund By G. W. Waters R.O.Moore .John R. Kirk W.L. Howard D. Ward liing N.F.Murray To jefund from Burlington Railroad half fare Institute 1 ectu rers By A. .J. Detweiler .1.0. Whitten M. Butterfield N.F.Murray J.M.Price W. L. Howard Dr. T. E. White G. W. Waters U. W. Olothier $261 26 1 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 D. Ward King. 500 00 37 21 $3 00 11 03 5 65 10 90 8 8U 8 00 10 00 46 92 16 50 87 61 30 00 34 20 10 00 10 00 25 00 31 13 1 53 13 34 3 05 6 00 4 29 50 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 19 89 41 30 42 40 50 OO 50 00 50 00 50 00 25 70 23 39 50 00 4 30 50 00 42 33 25 50 10 00 21 61 130 00 27 61 93 41 24 80 96 11 175 84 123 65 17 50 50 20 51 00 1 53 50 00 38 20 7 40 20 86 30 00 50 00 43 15 32 48 20 73 46 .55 11 60 26 47 88 33 77 20 40 00 16 80 83 24 RErORT OF SECRETARY. 51 SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT-Ooatinucd. Date. Name. Dr Cr. Dec. 3 3 4 4 5 9 9 13 13 George W. Williams. S. H. Elklns G. M. Tucker .T. Manz Engraving Co. O. H. Eckles To refund from D. By balance Ward Iving. $30 00 $3,829 47 $75 90 5 00 6 44 1 57 14 03 11 17 50 00 172 03 $2,829 47 BUTTERINE bUNU. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1901. Dec 3 363 364 365 366 367 ""m 369 ■■■376 371 373 '"37.V 374 375 371) 377 378 ""'379' 380 381 382 383 384 ""'385 3S6 387 38S 389 310 .391 392 '"'.393 394 3i)5 396 397 "398' 399 400 "461 To balance $286 r,6 200 CO 1902. To requisition ( 1 ( t Ry Frank Yeoman 0. A. McOrum $55 00 1 00 1 • G. Hinrlch 15 00 1 • John 11 Wilkinson 59 15 ( < C. Humpbrey 5 00 ( . H.H.Banks" 15 00 Feb. 1 To requisition ByR.n. Ellis 200 00 111 50 C ( Frank Yeoman 58 75 Mar. 5 To requisition .... 200 00 By .Tolin H. Wilkinson 63 65 1 • J W Carter ^'i 00 1 . .John H. Wilkinson 48 00 Apr. 2 To requisition .... 266 60 BvS. H El kins 10 9fi t t Frank Yeoman 51 15 ( I Carl G. ninrichs 98 00 1 1 Frank Yeoman 53 00 ( 1 R. D Ellis 90 00 C ( John H. Wilkinson 52 00 May 3 i i To re(]uisition 200 00 By.T. W. Carter 25 00 t t Frank Yeoman .... 54 50 ( 1 .JohnH. Wilkinson ■53 30 1 1 John H. Wilkinson 37 80 *. < C Humnhrevs 20 00 ( t June 2 W. R. Wilkinson To requisition 566"66 50 CO ( t By R. D Ellis 163 00 1 ( Carl G. Hiurichs 82 00 1 1 .Tohn H. Wilkinson .... 55 60 1 ( Frank Yeoman 54 00 July 5 J. W. Carter 15 00 Frank Yeoman 53 50 ( t t i Smith Premier Typewriter Co .foliii H. Wilkinson 3 25 53 20 Auff. 1 To requisition 200 00 By Frank Yeoman .... 54 00 » « H. H Banks 7 50 1 ( .Tolin n. Wilkinson 56 35 Sept. 5 1 1 Frank Yeoman 54 CO .JohnH. Wilkinson 54 75 Nov.^ 6 To requisition By Frank Ypoiiiaii .... 300 00 30 00 i ( i i John M. Wilkinson — R. I). Ellis To requisition By J. 11. Wilkinson 108 35 48 00 Dec. G 1 1 200 00 .53 10 ( ( Hiihitice .. 381 46 $3,386 66 $3,386 66 52 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. STATE VETERINARY FUND. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Or. 1901. Dec. 1902. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May .IUD( .July_ July_ Auk. 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 125G 1257 'i2.58' 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1204 1265 1266' 1267 126S 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274" 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 'i286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1.300 1301 1302 1303 im 1305 1306 1307 VMS loO'.l 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 To balance. To re ((uisitiou By Minnie Lee lUackwell F. W. O'Brien E. M. Ilendy £v. E.Carreras E. F. Ammerman B. F. Milstead ... Geo. H. Boughner .Tosepli Bruser .John Forbes H. H. Banks To ref|Uisition By .Minnie Lee Blackwell E. M, Hendy Jesse Robards Geo. H. Boughner Joseph Bruser .f ohn Forbes D. F. Luckey E. Brainerd To requisition By R. O. Moore Dr. E. J. Netherton Jesse Robards E. F. Ammerman Minnie Lee Blackwell B. F. Milstead S. H. Elkins D. F, Luclcey To renuisition By S. H. Elkins .lesse Robards • Minnie Lee Blackwell E.W.Stephens F. W. O' Brien B. F. Milstead E. M. Hendy F. O. Sawyer Paper Co N. H. Gentry D. F. Luckey E. F. Ammerman S. II. Elkins To requisition — By iMinnie Lee Blackwell M. K. & T. U. R D. F. Luckey Jesse Robards F. W. O'Brien S. H. Elkins M. L. Blackwell K. C Moore WyckotV, Seamens & Benedict B. F. MiLstead Me Alester Lumber Co F. O. Sawyer Paper Co D. F. Luckey Colunjbia Telephone Co M. K. & T. R. R D. F. fiUckey K. C. IMoore F. W. O'Brien To rc(iulsition By E. F. Ammerman Lyman I). Brown R. C. Moore By D. P. Luckey .Tesse Robards S. H. Elkins Jesse Robards Minnie Lee Blackwell To retinisition By 1). F. Luckey .lesse Robards American Express Oo Dr. J. W. Connoway M. L. Blackwell U. II. Banks $377 30 1,000 00 500 00 1,000 00 500 00 500 00 1.000 00 1,000 00 |.50 00 21 70 18 30 2 50 6 00 104 55 25 00 25 00 25 00 50 00 50 00 14 40 125 00 25 00 25 00 25 00 416 54 16 96 26 00 175 47 244 11 13 31 .50 00 202 00 10 60 231 07 42 40 127 70 50 CO 15 00 13 60 112 15 11 65 5 57 29 45 269 61 2 10 50 00 50 00 2 14 178 48 132 03 19 .35 50 00 50 00 26 00 7 00 30 00 5 75 4 .36 1;)0 00 9 55 15 79 68 21 13 00 10 30 70 83 46 65 36 00 219 17 134 50 40 00 126 00 50 00 232 75 147 !;5 5 20 19 84 50 00 25 00 REPORT OF SECRETARY. 53 STATE VETERINARY FUND-Contlnued. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. Sept. 5 '"im 1319 1320 i:ki 132:2 1.S23 1324 1335 1326 ■■■i327' 1338 1329 1330 1331 1333 " 1333 1331 13:-i.'5 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 "1341' 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 To reQuisition $500 00 By Minnie Lee Blacliwell $.>0 00 21 20 S. 11. Klkins Missouri Statesman 44 40 D. IT. Lucl 4) ct r- s C8 ^ o o T-( o «^ c" to c cc ' t. - bo r^ ^t-t fl' 0/ o lO u U4 T— 1 (-1 o 1-^ -t-f o S r^ Oj ^ t! j3 C 'O Q >-3 4-> -4-> 1/ Cj ct :i .^ V2 Ul r' ^ t-i c o •■' o Wl Tl 1-^ a; O rrt ■M c ^^ 01 •>-" o !h tM il/ m if ■a rrt V P. *-» ■*-* 0) ^ »— 1 o o -a L< 0) Ci C ,G QJ tuD 01 ■*-» 0; X !£ c3 C o E -*-) ■M 4-) /^ rt u H o 0) O) ho LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 75 Now, when I think over my Hfe, I can see great changes that have been wrought in the methods of farming and the whole agricultural system. It seems to me that notwithstanding the lack of interest so perplexing, we find wonderful and tremendous progress has been made. Take stock raising — nowhere, in no line of business has there been such wonderful advance made, such remarkable progress. I remember as a boy, we used to raise hogs and cattle — it was my principal business — that is they grew, we call it raising them. I remember when the time came for getting the hogs to market, it required about three boys and a dog usually to each hog in order to keep the procession in line, and often a drove of fifty or sixty hogs strung out over ten miles of road. And the pigs — I am not sure that it ever happened, but I think I came near to resorting to that practice of helping to tie knots in their tails to keep them in the pen. The idea has gradually gotten into the people's hearts and heads that it is best to raise good stock, the very best possible. Among those lines the greatest progress has been made. A meeting of this kind ought to have attracted every farmer from Greene county. Representative men from over the State, from other states, are here to discuss the great questions in which we are all inter- ested, questions that underlie the prosperity and the advancement of the whole country. There is another suggestion which has occurred to me. It is a bad sign of the times which ought to be changed, ought to be eradicated in some way, the teaching ought to be in the opposite direction. So many men and boys now who get a common school education feel at once that they are disqualified for farm life, and break for the city and town ottice. That I think is the course of most of the American people. So many, both boys and girls, feel that the great object in life is to get some kind of of^cial position. Nothing better offered, they will take a clerkship. \^ery often you find boys leaving the farm, coming to town trying to get a job in county offices, or a clerkship in the government employ, and in my judgment a greater curse, a greater misfortune never could possibly liave happened to an energetic live boy. I regret to see a young man leave the open air, and the fields, and seek a position of that kind simplv you might say blotting out his life and his usefulness. It destroys his independence. If a young man could see the end as he will see it later, he would realize it. He covets a county clerkship, the office of recorder, Congressman or representative — some place where he can draw a specific salary. It seems to be the goal and ideal of the average young man to- day. He does not realize that the person who gives him that job to-day can kick him out to-morrow. The man who gives him that position is himself liable to be kicked out. If he succeeds in holding it a number 76 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. cf years, so much the worse, for every hour chsquaHfies him for the duties of Hfe, takes away his scli-rehance and makes him simply a part and piece of a machine. Of course these places have to be filled, cleri- cal duty has to be performed, but I would teach the young man to-day ti. shun it rather than to seek it and to keep out of it if possible. Of! course if a young- fellow realizes that he has not energy and self reliance and vigor enough to enter the struggle alone and carve out a career for h.imself like the farmer, in other words he finds himself in the situation of the farmer's dog — fit for nothing else, but probably was fit for "coons" — ])robably he might run for office. If he has a spark of energy, let him seek the farm, get out in the open air, get hold of a piece of land forty lo one hundred and sixty acres, stay by it. raise pDtatoes and c^rii and cattle, and be a free and independent man. No matter if a man owns but an acre and has but a log cabin' an it hz is i'liepenls it ; Vrxt acr2 (if land is his domain, his kingdom, and the cabin is his castle, hv is a monarch and can live absolutely free and independent of the world, and it is the only life that offers such advantages. Now I have no words of advice, gentlemen, to offer you. T wish T could give you some ideas on stock feeding that would be worth while to carry away and spread out over the State, but I have nothing of that kind. The right way is to begin at the beginning and learn the business, Karn the trade, start low and grow up. This is especially true of stock laising and farming. I have observed that those who were the most successful in that business generally started in a small way, studied the jn-oblems as they went along step by step, so that they were able to take Cc.re of them as they grew. Those who started in at the top with an expensive farm and a large herd of fine stock, usually went into bank- ruptcy at a very early period and had nothing to sliow for it. Now, gentlemen, I could say a great deal more if I had it to say, but I \\ ill not afilict you any further with any remarks of mine on this f.ubject, except to simply say to you as an organization and as an indi- vidual, that we cordially welcome you to our city. The very best w^e have is at your service, ^^'e will do all we can to make your meeting here with us pleasant, an.d hope that at some time you will return. I sincerely trust th^t you will have a full attendance, that the meeting will be prosperous and effective, and that new ideas may originate here dur- ing the sessions and be spread out over the State, and that the interest may be far reaching in years to come. I thank you for the privilege of meeting with you this afternoon. I welcome you to Springfield. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 77 RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME IN BEHALF OF BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. (By Hon. Alex. INIaitland, Riclinioiul, Mo.) Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : As a representative of the State Board of Agriculture, I wish to say that we are very much pleased with the hearty welcome ex- tended to us by his honor, the mayor, and although this is, I believe, about our first meeting in Southern Missouri we are pleased with \\hat \vc have seen, and we thank you for your welcome to this Queen City of the Ozarks. In calling 3'our attention to the work of the State Board of Agri- culture, I will say that its work is being gradually enlarged, every year adding more and more as the growth of our State proceeds. Some years ago we had the crop reports and to that has been added the veterinary service, and to that has been added the farmers' institutes and to that added another feature which I had almost forgotten — the State Fair. In regard to these various matters — we take up for instance the work of the crop reports. Our Secretary has in every county in the State one or more correspondents selected from the very best farmers of the various counties who report to him the condition of the crops in their various localities. LTpon this basis he formulates a report of the whole State which has brought our present Secretary great credit, as his report is considered by the Grain Dealers' Journal, which is the great grain journal of the United States, as superior to even the Government report, which is a great credit to the Secretary of the Missouri .State Board of Agriculture. Dr. Casey spoke of the immense value of the poultry industry in the State, not only in the State but in the nation. We appreciate his figures very much, but we want to say to him that the crop report shows the whcre-with-all to feed this poultry. It takes a wonderful amount up in my cribs at home to feed poultry and Missouri this year, according to the crop reports, has raised a sufficiency of corn and wheat and oats to feed all that vast amount of poultry and give his honor a new supply of eggs. Our corn crop this year is second only to that of Illinois. In average yield per acre we are first in the United States, but in total product we are second, I believe, to Illi- nois, which has a total product of 314,000,000 bushels, while our total 78 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. product is 307,000,000 bushels. In wheat we are the second State in the Union, with a product of 615^2 million bushels, second only to Minnesota in all the United States. So much for our crop reports and the manner in which they have been collected. Our Veterinary Service has grown to be of immense value. For some time it was supposed that one veterinarian would be able to attend to all the various contagious diseases of the State, but so rapidly has transportation and interstate commerce with the various states disseminated the various contagious diseases from the south and west that I think at present there arc five or six deputy State veterinarians in the State watching that matter. Now if there are some cattlemen here, they will recollect the time, not but a few years ago, before this Veterinary Service was placed under the super- vision of the State Board of Agriculture when it was impossible to go to any of the great feeding markets of the cities during the warm months of the year and purchase any feeding cattle. In my country, forty-five miles east of Kansas City, we lost thousands upon thou- sands of dollars in that way. One of my neighbors, a breeder of Gal loways, went to Kansas and bought two car loads of feeders with- out knowing that that there was any infection near them aud brought them home and lost between thirty and fifty head of thoroughbred Galloway cattle, besides a hundred ordinary individuals. Now the Missouri cattleman goes to the feed yards with the assurance that he is protected by this Veterinary Service. The Veterinary Service has not only saved Missouri millions of dollars, but it has assured a steady supply of cattle the the whole year through. I would much rather that Mr. Ellis, the Secretary of the Board., would have discussed the farmers' institutes, but probably when Col. Waters gets an opportunity, he will say something about it. Years ago when the Legislature first appropriated a small sum for the farmers' institutes throughout the State it was scoffed at by a great many people, and, in fact, the attendance was small. In those local- ities where the institutes have been in session this year the gentle- men who were at the institutes tell me that there have been great crowds in attendance and that the institutes this year have had much greater success than formerly. They have introduced a new feature in carrying along on certain railroads a car with the products of Missouri in it, and they have made that car a success. It was supposed wc had on our institute force men who wore good educators but not cattle raisers, theoretical but not practical men, but such is not the case. Every man on the force is known for his practical knowledge, when he LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 79 speaks the farmers know the truth of his statements, though he may not express himself as artistically as some others. Now I come lastly to what constitutes one of the great interests of Missouri, and I wish to secure the hearty co-operation of the peo- ple of Greene county and Springfield, especially, for assistance in that. our State Fair. Missouri has been compelled for years to go and show the stock she produced at various other fairs in our neighboring states. Although we have been first in the Union in a great many lines of stock, still we have been compelled to take our stock to other fairs, having no home place to show them. We have the finest Short- horns in the world. Last year we took 75 per cent of the Hereford premiums in the west. At the World's Fair in Chicago we brought back $35,000 in cash premiums to Missouri; we defeated Kentucky in saddle horses, mules and jacks ; we tore the laurels from Vermont in Merino sheep. Mr. Gentry took ten premiums for Berkshire hogs over the world at large. Seven more went to parties to whom Mr. Gentry had sold hogs, and only one premium got away from the Mis- souri hog. There is no fiction about this, it is a fact. Other states competed for an exhibit of the variety of products, but Missouri was so far in the lead that we outclassed the other states in everything from the cotton plant to an ear of corn. No state in the Union com- peted with us in any measure at Chicago for the variety of farm products. Let us go to Omaha. Not one dollar could we beg from our Legislature to make an exhibit. The State Board of Agriculture, in consultation with Governor Stephens, asked him to appoint two hun- dred commissioners over the State — it should be confessed with humil- iation by every Missourian — to beg money for a INIissouri exhibit at Omaha. Li my little town of Richmond wc raised $60. We raised in all $14,000.00 with which Missouri went to Omaha and captured more premiums than all the other states put together. These are facts, gentlemen. We had to keep working- and working and doing our very best to get the State Fair started. We succeeded in getting an appropria- tion of seven thousand dollars at the last session of the Legislature to start it at Sedalia. A great many people do not know how the thing was started. The Legislature passed a bill that certain towns that wished to make application for the location of this State Fair should do so inside of twenty days. Six on eight towns made appli- cation. To these was confined the Board's choice of location for the Missouri State Fair. Sedalia was considered the central and largest town. It is not large enough — everybody admits that — to take care 80 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of the people, but still it was the best we could do. We located it at Scdalia and they have extended the appropriation to fifty thousand dollars, with the Breeders' Fund that the Legislature gave to us, we have expended about eighty-five thousand dollars ; whereas the Illi- nois appropriation was two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to start with, which reminds me of how we are everywhere talked about as "Poor old Missouri." You gentlemen have been on the fair grounds and know whether that money has l)een expended judiciously or not. I will say for the committee that they, with the exception of probably two of them, had never had any experience in the management of a State Fair. Governor Colman and iNlr. Gcntr\- had had some ex- perience, but outside of that no member of the Board had had any, unless possibly Mr. Ellis had had some. They spent that money; they held two successful fairs and we had spent every dollar when the last settlement was made with a sur})lus of $rxx). We paid every premium as soon as it w^as awarded and the certificate brought to the ofificc of the Secretary, the warrant was issued immediately for the money. No premium has ever been cut down in Missouri and I am opposed to her ever getting a reputation for doing that. We wish to get your co-operation for our State Fair. All of you h.ave more" or less influence with the members of the Legislature, and it is to the Legislature that we must always look for an appropria- tion sufiFicient to place Missouri's fair upon as grand a scale as any state in the Union and make her, as she truly is, "imperial mistress of states." RESPONSE IN 'BEHALF OF THE STATE GRANGE. (By C. O. Rainc, Monticello, Mo.) Mr. Chairman, Honorable Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is indeed with pleasure that I appear before you to-day in the mterest of the organization known as the Grange or the Patrons of Husbandry, organized as a National organization in 1867, as a State organization in the year 1872, since which lime the organization has seen many prosperous days, and yet many days of decline and dis- couragement. Yet we are happy to say that during this time the State Grange has never failed to hold its annual session. Many, per- l-.aps, in your own county of Greene were members of this organiza- tion some years ago and are aware of the fact that the organization was once strong in (Ireene county. But it has come to be a fact that, as stated in the Scriptures, the first shall be last and the last shall be LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 81 first. Missouri was not first, but she was second at one time in this great work, Iowa beinpf first. She has been reduced until she is al- most last in Grange work. Yet I say. we are glad of the fact that the organization has never become extinct, and we reali?:c that from now on the work of this organization will prosper and grow in our own vState of Missouri. I wish time would permit and that I had the ability to impart to you the need of this great work among all the farmers of Missouri. I do not mean the heads of families when I speak of farmers, I mean the entire household, because this organization takes within its doors not only the man, but the entire family. It is at these meetings that he can take his wife and daughters and take part in sessions that pertain to our interests as farmers, as citizens, as neighbors and as friends. The last session of the State Grange was held in the little town of Maywood in the northern part of the State, being one of the most enthusiastic meetings held in years. While not largely represented, we feel that much good was accomplished by that meeting. The last National meeting was held in the state of Michigan. Michigan has in the last three years done more to bring about reorganization than any other state in the Union. At these meetings it seems but fitting that not only the Mayor and President of the Board of Trade, but the Governor, should welcome to their state, to their town and city, that great organization which has made the greatest growth in the last year in its history. In 1876 the National organization held its meeting in St. Louis. We are going to ask the hearty co-operation of the Industrial Associations of this meeting; also, of the people of Greene county, the people of this city and the people of the entire State of Missouri, to assist in bringing back in 1904 the meeting of the National Grange to the city of St. Louis. It was at the meeting of 1876 that the declaration of principles that were laid down by this organization was drafted, being one of the broadest, clearest, keenest, and most notable declarations that has ever been drafted bv any orirani- zation. We may state how many dollars have been saved to the farmers of the country through co-operative trade arrangements, and through mutual insurance companies, both fire and life, and something can be stated in regard to the vast saving to the farmers of the country through wise legislation secured, and unwise legislation defeated through the influence of the Grange ; but when we undertake to make any estimate of the moral, social, and .nental development that has been brought to the farmer and his family through Grange influence and Grange teaching, we are lost in the magnificent results obtained. A— 6 82 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. It is absolutely impossible to give any intelligent estimate of the de- velopment of the noble principles of manhood and womanhood in the mind and heart of the million of people that have been connected with the Order, and of the millions of other people with whom they have been associated. It is along this line that the grandest results have been achieved. Thousands of farm homes have been made happier and better, and the members of farmers' families have been reaping the highest enjoyments of life through the quickened mental abilities by Grange influence, while a high:r ideal in life has been reached by true Grange teaching. With these general statements, we leave the most important results during thirty-two years of Grange work to the imagination of our readers. In matters of legislation, among the first objects to claim the attention and engage the efforts of the Grange were the State agri- cultural colleges of the country, many of which in their early days were united with, and became a part of, classical colleges and univer- sities, thus in a large measure destroying their identity as agricul- tural colleges and rendering them practically worthless for the ob- jects for which they were established. Through the influence of the Grange a separation has been effected in a majority of states, and distinct agricultural and mechanical col- leges have been established. In most of those states where the eflforts for a separation have not been successful, the college authorities have given much greater recognition to agriculture, and with but few ex- ceptions these institutions are now doing a grand work in educating the farming youth of the nation. It was through the direct influence of the Grange that the ad- ditional appropriations for agricultural colleges by Congress were confined to instruction only in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Hatch act for the establishment of State Experiment Stations, which are doing such great work for the agriculture of this country, became a law by reason of the cflforts of the Grange. It was through the influence of the Grange that the Department of Agriculture at Washington was raised to the dignity of other departments of the National Governinent, to be presided over by a secretary of Agri- culture in the President's Cabinet, thus giving farmers a voice in the policy of the government. Through the direct influence of the Grange the Interstate Commerce Commission was established by act of Congress, which in a measure aims to control interstate traffic, and gives the people a means of redress from the injustice and extortions which are often practiced by corporations, LIVE STOCK BRKEDEKS. 83 thereby saving the people vast sums of money in reduced vi ' trans- portation. The subject of taxation has always engaged the attention of the Grange, and it was through the influence of this organization that in many states the burdens of taxation have been, in a measure, at least, equalized by a more equitable assessment of real estate between city and farm prop- erty, and by the enactment of laws taxing personal property and corpora- tions which had hitherto paid little, if any, taxes for local or State pur- poses. The Grange is strenuously opposed to adulterations of all kinds, and mainly through its influence State and National laws have been enacted to control the sale of oleomargerine and other butter frauds and protect the great dairy interests of the country from these vile compounds which the unscrupulous manufacturers would place upon the market as pure butter. Through the influence of the Grange most maple sugar producing states have enacted stringent laws against the adulteration of this farm product, thereby protecting both producers and consumers. The Grange successfully fought the driven well and sliding gate patents in the courts, saving enormous sums of money in royalties which were being extorted from the farmers and others using them. Through the influence of the Grange upon Congress the extension of the patents on sewing machines was prevented, saving to the people fully fifty per cent, in the prices amounting to millions of dollars an- nually. The Grange has a grand record of usefulness in legislation in nearly every state in the Union for its influence on the side of justice and equality in the enactment of many wise and judicious laws in the interests of the people, and for the protection and advancement of the farming industries. A recent victory of the Grange, and one of its grandest achievements, is the establishment of rural free mail delivery in various achievements, of the country. The Grange was the first organization to publicly pro- claim that if it was right for the government to carry mail to the homes of people in cities, it would be right for it to carry mail to the homes of people in the country, and through the discussion of the question and intelligent presentation of the matter to Congress, appropriations have been secured; first, for experiment, and now practically for permanent establishment of the system of rural free mail delivery. This breaks the i.solation of farm life, will tend to secure better roads and advance farm values wherever it extends. The results in this matter alone will justify the entire cost of the Grange from its establishment to the present day. 84 MISSOURI AGUICULTURAL RErORT. I wish to extend to all the various Associations meeting here, the greeting of the i\Iissouri State. Grange. W'c hope that some arrange- ments may be made whereby we may meet in conjunction with you in the future. Having placed this meeting beyond the time limit of this law as laid down by the National Organization, it was impossible for us to meet with you as of yore. Hence, I will say that the Missouri State Grange sends greetings to each and every one of you, and, your Honor, we thank you for your kindly words of welcome. RESPONSE IN BEHALF OF STATE POULTRY ASSOCL\- TION. (By Dr. J. H. Casey.) Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is with feelings of pleas- uie and also of regret that I arise to-day to say a word in response to his Honor's remarks — with regret, because I am ill-fitted to reply in ade- quate terms to the generous welcome of the Mayor, and with pleasure, that at last the Missouri hen has finally found a place in the State Board of Agriculture. It is only a few years ago since the hen was relegated to the barnyard, and very few of you farmers or you agricultural men knew anything about her, but to-day, thanks to the united efiforts of the State Boards of Agriculture throughout the different States, through their Agricultural Colleges, and the scientific researches of so many men, the American hen to-day is fast taking a place throughout this country as one of our greatest commercial factors. During the past two or three weeks I have gleaned from our worthy Secretary of the State Board a few figures of the breeders of the Mis- souri hen, and when you gentlemen listen for one moment, if 1 am not mistaken, I think you will be surprised, not that I wish to discourage the efiforts of any other part of this great Board of Agriculture, but sinv)ly to bring them forward to your notice that you may know that poultry has taken a stand and is worthy to-day of your consideration. Just think of it, in the year 1901 the total product of poultry, eggs and feathers in the State of Missouri was $22,500,000. These are facts, gentlemen, not simply figures, and I can prove that by our worthy Secretary. Take the United States, for instance, you scarcely realize this when you hear the figures, but look, in 1898, the output of wheat, your great staple, was $237,000,000; oats, $150,000,000; tobacco, $60,000,000; barley, $120,- 000,000; coal, a little over $200,000,000; and lliat of poultry, $290,000,- 000. It seems incredible, and yet statistics show this. I speak of these things to show you, gentlemen, that the poultry industry is not to be de- LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 85 spised, and to-day. in this beautiful town of Springfield, wc are holding our eleventh annual anniversary. AW^ are bringing ]:)oultry here to-day, not simply to make a show of poultry, not simply to bring spectators, but mainly for the purpose of educating the public up to the fact that poultry is worthy of their notice ; that poultry is going to be one of our best com- mercial products, one that every city will be proud of because it is one of the best revenue producers that we have ; it has been ignored and laughed at by many because it has not been thoroughly investigated, but I think in comparison even with the grand live stock industry it holds a place that is worthy of our consideration. I do not wish to enlarge on that, however. And now I wish to invite all of you here to-day, and through the Mayor, every person in this city to come to our magnificent poultry ex- hibit and hell) us to make it what it is, a grand instructor. RESPONSE. (By Col. G. W. Waters. Canton, T^Io.) Now I am not engaged at present in the live stock business — not on account of age — but all along, since a mere boy, I have tended the sheep and swine, and have cared for the cattle, horses and mules, so I believt' I am in a position to appreciate, in some degree, the value of improved live stock, and if there is any one class that deserves our honor more than another, it is the patient workers along the line of improvement of our domestic animals. I believe I speak advisedly when I say that the breeders here, all the way along the line, from poultry to the improved Shorthorns and Hercfords, and I may say greater than all, fine horses, these are the men we should delight to honor — because what, and because v.hy? The Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, after patient research and careful investigation, has announced the fact that grand old Missouri in the year of 1902 has raised the phenomenal corn crop of 307,000,000 bushels, forty bushels to the acre, a yield per acre larger than any other State in the Union, and great crops of forage and hay, and great crops of oats, and a grand crop of wdieat — all of these products. But let us turn to the corn crop. This corn crop of 307;ooo,ooo bushels represents a commercial value, when put upon the market, of $100,000,000. It will not come upon the market as grain, but in a more concentrated form. It will first be manufactured not into that other article that is deleterious to everyone of advanced thought, but into something that is good for everybody — into beef, into pork, the dairy products, eggs, etc. These are the things that these breeders are doing, have been doing — what? 86 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. They have been perfecting the machinery for the manufacture of this corn, this hay, this grass and this fodder, and all the forage crops and all the feeds of the farm into the finished wholesome products. And it takes but this simple and casual reference for us all to appreciate the dif- ference between the use of a first-class machine in the manufacture of any kind of product, and a poor machine, and that is what they have been do- ing. Suppose that by reason of the improvement of our live stock which this Association represents — the Missouri Live Stock Improvement As- sociation, which embraces all the farm animals — suppose that by reason of an improvement of the animals and machinery so as to get an increased efficiency of the use of the beast by five per cent increase, what would it mean? A five per cent increase now over and above what otherwise might be had, would mean an increase of $10,000,000, yes, more than that. It is easily possible to increase the efficiency of our feeds by feed- ing them into animals that are capable and competent to give you good results. It is easily possible to increase the efficiency to ten per cent. You know every time my friend Mr. Harned brings about a develop- ment of his animals that will increase their intrinsic value as machines, he has been helpful to the cattle industry of the entire State. That is what he has done and is doing ; and my friend, the President of the Poul- try Association, when he and his coworkers have increased the efficiency of poultry they have upon the farm, when they have brought forward a strain of chicks that will produce ten per cent greater product in eegs, he has added a ten per cent increase, of $2,000,000 more. But I am get- ting intc figures. However, it means a whole lot, that ten per cent, and will any of you gentlemen tell me that it is not possible as between a mongrel grade and mongrel management of poultry — that it is not pos- sible to increase the production ten per cent? It is easily possible. It requires brain work. Just one central thought, and the only one that I intended to impress, that this Association will have for consideration such propositions as shall lead her not only to the improvement of our live stock all along the line, not only to do so ourselves, but to induce others to improve the live stock. It is one thing to investigate and find out the truth ; another thing to promulgate that truth and get it among the people and get the people to accept these advanced propositions, and this is one of the purposes- of the Association here, and this State Board of Agriculture is standing behind these people and they will do the best they can and will use their office as a propaganda for getting these ad- vanced thoughts, these improved ideas out among the people. I will say just this to the Mayor. He made a statement awhile ago that struck the key note. He said farming used to be a business. Farm- ing is to-day not only a business, but it is more than a business. Farming LIVF, STOCK BRREPERS. 87 lias to-day become not only a business and art, but it has become a pro- gressive science. He who fails to recognize the fact that agriculture cm- braces a progressive science, fails to grasp the situation, and fails to grasp the spirit that has come to us in this twentieth century. RESPONSE IN BEFIALF OF GOOD ROADS ASSOCIATION. (By Geo. F. Reed, Springfield, Mo.) Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : I have used every effort possible to shift this responsibility upon the shoulders of someone else, but our Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture would not have it otherwise but I should respond on behalf of the Good Roads Association. Our first meeting was held in Chillicothe a few years ago and there was an exhibit of road making machinery. The next year it was held in Springfield. That started the beginning of the road improvement movement in Missouri. It has been worked up till the State organization has gotten a road law enacted which is considered by everyone to be one of the best laws in any State in the Union. Road improvement under the operation of this present law has been a great deal more extensive than it was under the old law. In regard to our roads and the effort that is being made to change our road law, I wish to emphasize the fact that it is the desire of Greene county that our common road laws remain on the statute books as they are. On behalf of the Good Roads Association and the people of Spring- field, I extend to you a hearty welcome. MISSOURI'S PART AT ST. LOUIS WORLD'S FAIR. (By Hon. M. T. Davis, Aurora, Mo.) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : Welcome indeed is this op- portunity of meeting with the growers and breeders of our State, and discussing with you ways and means to do our imperial State justice be- fore the world at the great exposition to be held within our borders dur- ing the year 1904. And I want to say to you gentlemen that Missourians have just cause to feel an unending pride in this great celebration, not only because it will assuredly be the greatest exposition spectacle the world has ever seen, but because it will serve to revive a sentiment of loyalty and thanks- giving in one direction where it is now almost extinct; and while we must 88 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. share the greatness of the exposition with the outside world, Missouri- ans can take to themselves the credit of reviving sentiment and giving substantial evidence of gratitude to Providence for taking from under the yoke of Monarchy, and placing in the fostering care of Freedom, the great territory wherein now dwell a prosperous and happy people. That the celebration of the anniversary of a great event in the his- tory of a Nation's life, instills patriotism and love for country and her institutions, and instills energy and ambition to keep on striving to main- tain her ideals, cannot be denied. It is the duty of every nation to mark her natal days in such a manner that every sojourner within her borders will know that her people love their country and keep ever alive their obligations to State and Country. So we celebrate Independence Day, and so was the Centennial An- niversary of that event celebrated at Philadelphia. So is the birthday of the great patriot and general who led us to independence celebrated. But there is one event, an event scond only in importance to the Dec- laration of Independence, which has heretofore received not the slightest remembrance. I refer to what is known in history as the Louisiana Pur- chase, that treaty of purchase in which the greatest Warrior on one side cf the Atlantic and the greatest Statesman on the other side, were the most conspicuous figures, whereby there passed to a new born nation a territory that was destined in a century to become greater in wealth and influence on the destinies of nations, than the country which bartered it, for, to quote a well-known writer, ''if 1776 declared the independence of our country, 1803 achieved it." This great event whereby more than 875,000 square miles of terri- tory was added to the United States, their independence and powers as- sured, has never been acknowledged in any way. School histories do not even mention December 20, 1803, the day on which our flag was raised for the first time over the territory now comprising the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, Oklahoma and Indian Territories, and the homes of more than twenty millions of happy free souls. That December 20 has not been celebrated each recurring year has been a grievous fault; to permit the Centennial anniversary of this great blessing of humanity to pass unmarked, would be base ingratitude. r>ut the Centennial will not pass uncommemorated : it will be celebrated with a burst of glory which will reach around the globe and from pole to pole. Every civilized nation of the earth, republics and monarchies alike, will participate in that celebration, and even every uncivilized people will be represented there. u a h v 3 O O >> o U u 0) V Dh o o o LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 91 To amend for past neglect, our people of the purchase will in one celebration cover the delinquencies of a century. And it is here that Mis- souri claims the garland of credit. Missourians proposed the celebration, Missouri made the celebration possible. A few words of history on the inception and promotion of this cel- ebration may not be amiss here : The first public mention of the duty of our peojile to celebrate tlie Louisiana Purchase Centennial, was an editorial written by Mr. W. V. Byers in the Sunday Republic of May 12, 1889. The question was agitated more or less in the newspapers of St. Louis until, on January 23, 1898, the Central Trades & Labor Union of St. Louis adopted a resolution calling for the celebration of the One Hun- dredth Anniversary of the Purchase ; and on February 5, '98, Congress- man Bartholdt introduced in Congress a bill providing for the celebra- tion to be held at St. Louis in 1903. The Missouri Historical Society, at its meetings in September and November of 1898, appointed a Committee of Fifty to suggest ways and means for a fitting celebration. At the suggestion of this Committee of Fifty, Governor Stephens issued a call for a Convention to be held in St. Louis January 10, 1899, to consider the question of commemorating the One Hundredth Anni- versary of the Louisiana Purchase. The Committee of Fifty arranged for the convention and the enter- tainment of delegates. The Governors of all the states in the Purchase appointed delegations, which were represented. The convention adopted resolutions of sympathy with the project, and appointed an Executive Committee of Fifty, with Governor Francis at the head, to carry the project into execution. This Committee was composed of Missourians and was later increased to two hundred. And the Committee did its work so effectively that on January i, 1901, the Constitution of the State of Missouri had been amended by an overwhelm- ing vote of the people, allowing the City of St. Louis to subscribe, and it had subscribed : Five millions of dollars of city bonds. Five million of dollars had been raised by popular subscription in St. Louis and the State, and Five millions of dollars had been appropriated by the Federal Gov- ernment. Giving the vast sum of fifteen million dollars in hand for the basic work of the celebration. This sum, fifteen million dollars, is the exact amount paid by Jef- ferson to the French for the entire twelve States and two Territories, 92 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. but is hardly one-half the gross sum tliat will be expended in the cele- bration of that event. With these figures in mind, we are prepared to realize the magni- tude of this World's Fair, and must meet fully the responsibilities of our position as the World's host. The honor bestowed ui)on our State in hold- ing the celebration in her borders is a deserved one. Missouri is the Keystone State of the I.ouisiana Purchase. She stands pre-eminently at the head of the great political and commercial, communities which became a part of the United States one hundred years ago. She is situated not only in the central portion of that vast territory acquired by the purchase from the French, but also in the center of the wonderful Mississippi valley, and is almost the geographical center of the nation. She stands to-day the fifth State of the Union in population and wealth. We are in our infancy, capable of increasing our products many, many times their present value and of sujiporting in comfort manv times our population. Our people and our institutions are progressive, and our taxes are as low as any State in the Union. Taxes for State purjioses are the low- est of any State, and our bonded State debt is nil. Under wise, just and liberal administration. State, county and mu- nicipal, this great commonwealth during the past thirty years has in- creased in population, wealth, dignity and importance until to-day she ranks fifth, and now that the time has arrived to fittingly commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase, what more appropriate place could have been selected for this imposing ceremony titan St. Louis, the Queen City of the Mississippi Valley, the peerless metropolis of ''Imperial Missouri." There the flags of almost every nation in the world will pay just homage to the stars and stripes, the emblem of freedom and liberty, un- furled to the gentle breezes in the new born Forest City on the banks of the Father of Waters where the greatest exposition of modern times will stand, a living monument to the unparalleled progress of the arts and sciences at the dawn of the Twentieth Century of Christian civilization. Missourians are modest, l)ut at the same time justly ]n-ou(l of their birthright in this imperial sovereignty. The greatest of all states west of the Mississipiji river, she throws open her marts of trade, commerce and industry, her productive agricultural fields, vast timber lands and rich mineral deposits, for the inspection of visitors from every foreign shore, and invites them to come and partake of her hosjiitality and share in the wealth of this land of promise and prosperity. LIVE STOCK BRILEDERS. 93 The Commonwealth of Missouri represents a type of the most ad- vanced class of modern civilization. It stands for all that is inspiring in higher education and noble and elevating in political freedom and relig- ious liberty. The State is distinctly American and her people noted for those streniT ns habits and progressive characteristics which arc essen- tial to the .'access and welfare of every community. Our educational and eleemosynary institutions are of the highest order. The public school system is unsurpassed by that of any in the country. It has been wisely and judiciously administered and many of its features have been studied and reproduced in the systems of older States and those of several foreign countries. There is no place in the world where a child can obtain a better free education. The hills and vales, hamlets and villages of the State are adorned with school houses while the larger cities have reared structures so grand and imposing that many of them are pointed to with pride and admiration by the leading educational instructors of the country. The penal institutions of Missouri rank with any in the United States, and so well and effectively have they been conducted, and so justly and fearlessly have the laws been administered, that all outlawry and crime of a serious nature have been stamped out. There is no State in the Union to-day which is freer from crime, or in which the personal and property rights of the citizens are better protected, or her laws more vig- orously enforced. Co-incident with this, the substantial progress and development have been marvelous. A web work of steel rails connects the various centers of commerce, trade flourishes, crops are bountiful, products of the mines abundant, and capital receives the rewards of judicious investment, while labor reaps the harvest of thrifty toil and endeavor. The geographical location of Missouri gives the State unusual ad- vantages from a climatic standpoint. Bordering the heavily timbered sections of the 'Mississippi valley and the broad expanse of western prai- rie lands it partakes of the conditions peculiar to both. The mean an- nual temperature is about 55 degrees, varying from 33 degrees in winter to 76 degrees in summer. As a rule, the winters are moderate, even mild, and accompanied with light falls of snow. There are no long storm- locked periods, no frozen cattle, no scarcity of food or fodder. Hie thrifty and judicious farmer has nothing to fear for his horses, cattle, swine, sheep or poultry during the winter season. In summer the weather is seldom hotter than in the lowest tier of northern states, while during the spring and autumn the most ideal con- itions prevail. The rainfall will average about forty-one inches for the 94 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. year, while a season of prolong-cd droutli has been known to occur once in twenty years and then it was generally throughout the western coun- try. The sunshine which prevails to an unusual extent at all seasons of the year, conduces not only to the health of all animal life, but insures the best results and conditions in the agricultural and pastoral regions. Crop failures are almost unknown, and the devastation of cattle by dis- eases which prevail in less favorable climates, are unheard of in Missouri. The prevailing winds are from the south and southwest in summer, but are so evenly tempered by the high ranges and timbered lands of the Ozarks that they are nearly always refreshing and cool. Those from the southwest, west and northwest frequently bringing with them the rain and thunderstorm, but not more than once in a decade do they approach the celerity of a tornado. In the winter the variation is even less marked ; the winds from the north and northwest are keen and bracing, bringing frequent snow flurries and occasional heavy falls of snow, but the bliz- zard is as rare a factor in Missouri climatic conditions as the tornado or cyclone, so prevalent in states further north and west. What greater inducements can be offered the farmer than a climate where the productive soil revels in the sunshine of an even tempered sum- mer, followed by a short, mild and open winter, and with a rainfall of 41 inches, our climate is a dry one. While showers are heavy, rainfalls frequent in certain seasons, the moisture is rapidly absorbed. This is due to the undulating surface of the soil so peculiarly characteristic of Mis- souri land. The soil of Missouri has always been noted for its productiveness, and the homeseeker is assured that honest labor and industry will in- ' variably produce a remunerative crop, whether of grain, fruits, vegetables or even cotton. The State has in all 42,625,600 acres, the greater part of which is peculiarly adapted to agricultural and horticultural purposes, and offers promising inducements for farmers who will combine economy with industry. The State Board of Immigration sums up the resources as follows : "Missouri fruit crops surpass those of Florida. South Missouri is the land of big red apples. "Missouri mules and horses are finer than those of Kentucky. In the production of poultry she leads the world. "There is more coal in Missouri than in Illinois ; more iron than in Pennsylvania, more building stone than in Vermont. The output of lead and zinc is worth more in one year than all Colorado's mined silver. "It is essentially the land of wild grasses and the adopted home of the famous blue grass. LIVE STOCK BUKEDERS. 95 "In agriculture it is the garden spot of the universe. In summer n land of growing crops and delightful air; in winter, fat herds, full tables and bright firesides," In other words, Missouri is a part of the garden spot of the west. Its fertility and resources are unsurpassed by any similar area on the American continent. The market value of the land, when its productive- ness is considered, is far below that in other States. Transportation facili- ties to the great markets of the world are unexcelled, with such natural gateways by rail and river routes as St. Louis and Kansas City, no State in the Union is more favorably situated for continental travel. More railroads and steamboat lines center at these two points than at any met- ropolitan center west of the Alleghany mountains. St. Louis is known to the world as the "Solid City ;" the bonds of the State of Missouri, as well as those of the City of St. Louis, are floated on the markets of America and Europe on the same per centage basis, and almost the same identical basis as United States Government bonds. In other words, the credit of Imperial Missouri at home and abroad is as good as that of the National Government. Her State debt has been practically wiped out, and no commonwealth in the Union enjoys greater immunity from tax- ation. Figures will show that property owners and citizens of Missouri generally, pay less taxes per annum than the citizens of any State in the L%ion. Missouri, for a greater part, is an agricultural State with a large amount of lands that have never been cultivated, never been subjected to the keen edge of the plow, never been tilled. Many farms to-day are not worked to their full productiveness be- cause of a lack of up-to-date methods. While this may seem strange, it is nevertheless true. The population of Missouri has gradually increased from the hun- dreds of thousands into the millions. Statistics have shown that nearly one-half of the adults of the State, engaged in active business and com- mercial pursuits, have become rich from the soil. Agriculture predominates over the other industries and appears to hold out surpassing inducements to those who wish to engage in it — the stock raiser, poultry raiser, dairyman, fruit grower and the miner. Its cities, towns and villages are rapidly filling up, and farm lands are grad- ually being brought under a higher degree of cultivation. All the cereals of the western and northwestern states, as well as the fruits, grains and vegetables of the south attain a degree of great perfection in Missouri. Our wheat makes most excellent flour and ranks high on all markets ; corn crops are always assured and attain a high degree of perfection. while our fruit lands rival those of California. 96 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. A man with moderate means can locate in Missouri, buy a good farn', enjoy all the advantages of modern social community, on payment of less taxes than he can anywhere else in the United States. Figures and statis- tics will prove each of these assertions. The soil and climate makes this locality the natural home of all nu- tritious grasses. Blue grass, which has made certain sections of Ken- tucky famous, has been found to be particularly adapted to the soil of Missouri. It grows s^wntaneously wherever it is left free from the plow. But Missouri does not depend alone on its blue grass. It grows other varieties equally nutritious and as valuable for pasturage, also possess- ing the advantage of being cut and dried for hay. Orchard grass, tim- othy, red top, alfalfa and clovers thrive in the soil. Missouri hills are as rugged as the Highlands of Scotland and her valleys as fertile as those of the Nile, where can be grown in abundance everything needful to man- kind. Dairying in Missouri has been successful!}^ tested. Milk, butter and cheese are produced at a minimum cost, and while the country possesses more natural advantages for dairying than New York, it is equally well situated in close proximity to large markets for these products as the Empire State. St. Louis on the east, Kansas City and St. Joe on the w^est, with scores of smaller but well populated cities in the interior, all connected by intersecting lines of our great railway systems. The same conditions which prevail for the successful raising of cat- tle and dairying, apply to the wool growing industry. There are no de- vastating blizzards, no enervating spells of excessive heat and drought, no epidemics, to decimate the flocks. The coal deposits of Missouri have been estimated to be sufficient to supply the demand of adjoining communities for centuries. A territory comprising twenty thousand square miles of the State's surface covers these deposits. Extending from Clark county in a southwesterly direc- tion down through the State to the Indian territory, there are extensive coal fields in nearly every county northwest of such line. Coal mines have been worked with apparently but little effort, with- out the use of expensive machinery, deep shafts being found to be neces- sary. The coal is bituminous in character and of good quality. In more than a thousand places along the lines of railroad, these coal deposits have been tapped and furnish the greater part of the fuel used for commercial and domestic purposes. The iron deposit of Missouri are too famous for lengthy comment. Ore has been found in some sections in such vast quantities that it has been roundly estimated it would supply one hundred furnaces for one thousand years. LIVE STOCK J5KEEDERS. 97 What has been said of iron applies with equal force to the lead and zinc deposits of Missouri. The famous "Joplin District" in southwest Missouri is known the world over wherever lead and zinc stocks are put upon the market for investment or speculation. Millions of dollars worth of the product of these ores have been sold at home and abroad during the past decade. During the recent Klondyke gold fever, actual figures were produced to show that the yield in dollars and cents from the lead and zinc mines of Missouri, for corresponding periods of two, three and four years was greater than that from all the shining metal mined in Alaska, The district in which lead mining has been carried on for the greatest period, lies in southeastern Missouri, and the production in that part of the State has been enormous for many years, from which profitable reve- nues have been derived. Fully three-fourths of all the zinc used in the United States has been mined in Missouri. This may be a startling statement to many, but to those familiar with the facts it is known to be true. Down in the southwest corner of the State, in the vicinity of Joplin, Webb City, Carthage and Aurora, the deposits of zinc appear to be .ex- haustless. This section has been styled the "Klondyke of Missouri," but unlike the famous gold bearing region in the ice bound fastness of Alaska and British Columbia, it has attained an enduring reputation as one of the greatest ore producing centers in the world. The mineral deposits as stated, appear to be exhaustless, and though the mining industry is l)ractically in its infancy, the products have been yielding annually eight to ten million dollars. In comparison with the zinc, lead and iron deposits, those of copper are limited and confined to a few districts. Yet it must be said that cop- per mining in Missouri has never been put to a thorough test. The building stones of Missouri have attained a high reputation in recent years and some of the large quarries are now known in every sec- tion of the country. The granites, marbles, sandstones and limestones arc of excellent quality, and have been tested thoroughly in many of the handsome buildings and structures of this and adjoining states. The granites have been pronounced by experts to be unexcelled by those of Vermont, or of any other State in the Union. The granites are not only solid and beautiful for buildings, but several of them have no equal in the world for street paving piu^poscs. The red and grey species are par- ticularly attractive, and furnish huge boulders, handsome and massive pillars, polished slabs and stones, for every useful and ornamental pur- pose in the architect's and builder's lines. A-7 I 98 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. "Missouri has some of the finest undeveloped onyx beds in the world. The finest rough and pressed brick are manufactured from the fire clays abundant in many sections of the State. The manufacture of plate glass is one of the distinctive industries of the State. Our plate glass factory in Southeast Missouri has a reputa- tion that is worldwide. Deposits of kaolin, potter's clay, tin, nickel, co- balt and magnesium are found in certain sections in paying quantities. It is difficult to determine whether Missouri's greatest wealth lies in her land-locked vaults and hidden recesses, or in the fruitful crops which the thrifty toiler produces from her rich and sun-kissed soil. While Missouri and Missourians have done their full duty to the sen- timent of the Fair, in providing it with funds and fountain head, there now remains a greater duty to be done — that of placing our Imperial State failrly before the world. I have told you a part only of what Missouri has done toward this great enterprise, and of her possibilities and natural resources, the many natural advantages she possesses from political, business, religious, social and educational standpoint. There is also a practical side to this ques- tion — to demonstrate these possibilities to the public is the difficult task we have before us. Knowing the unexcelled resources of our State and realizing the opportunity presented by this exposition for making these resources known to the world, and reaping for themselves the profits of increased demands for our lands, our stock, our crops and our minerals, the people of Mis- souri by a practically unanimous vote, authorized the Legislature to ap- propriate one million dollars for the purpose of properly exploiting Mis- souri before the world. This the Legislature has done and through the Governor, has ap- pointed a commission of nine, of which I have the honor to be president, to assemble the exhibits for display. To do justice to the State— and justice will be done— is a Herculean task. We commissioners are but servants of the people, and in this im- portant work must have the unstinted assistance and co-operation of every loyal Missourian. Our breeders produce finer horses, mules, cattle hogs and poultry than any State in the Union. With your co-operation, breeders, we will demonstrate this to the world— making the brand "Missouri bred" on any animal an accepted guarantee of its superiority. Our apples, berries, peaches and vegetables have first call in every market where they are known. With your assistance, growers, we will make them known in every market of the country. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 99 Our farms and rural communities afford the best homes and most profitable farming in the country. Our lands offer better investments and surer returns. With your assistance, farmers and land-owners, we will make these facts known to the crowded agriculturalist of the east, the blizzard-tossed farmer of the north, and the drought-ridden strug- glcr of the west — increasing the demand for and value of every acre of tillal)le land in the State. Thus, too, shall we make known to the world that while wc produce three-fourths of the world's output of zinc, of the forty counties under- laid with zinc ore, the mining thereof is extensively followed in but five or six, and even in these exceptional opportunities for investment are offering. Government tests and reports shows our quarries produce the finest building stone in the country, but this fact is scarcely known outside of the State. We must demonstrate it to the world. With the support of loyal Missourians, we will bring to the atten- tion of capital the vast deposits of glass, sand, onyx, coal, iron and other commodities, awaiting only the touch of enterprise and capital. In gum wood, which grows and is milled only in this Slate, is the greatest substitute for mahogany. This, with our other lum1:)er inter- ests, must be exploited fully. In health and pleasure resorts we rival the seashore. To insure popu- larity and patronage for these, the world at large need only know of the health-giving properties of their waters and air; the facts we will make known, with the proper assistance of those interested. Our great educational institutions must be fully exploited and our wonderful public school system fully exemplified. To do this success- fully we must have the assistance not only of the educators of the State, but of all those interested in education. I might go on citing fields wherein specific benefits will be derived by our people and the State from this exposition, but have already occu- pied more than my allotted time. Perhaps a word of explanation is due as to why no greater progress has been made to date by the Missouri Commission. Very soon after the Commission was first appointed, they began to arrange for the preliminary work and had accomplished a great deal along this line, when it became apparent that the Fair would of necessity be postponed. We then deemed it wise to postpone further work for the time being. We have now again actively taken up the work, and in a short time all preliminary arrangements will be completed, heads of departments appointed and active work begin in earnest. The Commission from 100 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. this day forward will endeavor to push the work vigorously to the end, so that when Missouri's exhibit shall be installed with the co-operation of the various societies and those interested in Missouri's welfare, and the fair opened, the result of our cfiforts will meet the approval of our people. I want to remind you all of one thing before I close, and that is thai no matter how hard the Commissioners may labor, no matter hew earnestly and faithfully they endeavor to perform their duties, after all success rests upon the co-operation of all the people, and we especially desire that every Missourian feel that he is a part and parcel of this great undertaking, and that the Commissioners will at all times welcome any suggestions or ideas that you have to present. The office in St. Louis is open, where all correspondence relative to "Missouri at the Fair" should be addressed, and where it will receive earnest consideration. And we extend to the people of the State a hearty welcome and invite their hearty and earnest co-operation in our work. MISSOURI LIVE STOCK AT ST. LOUIS WORLD'S FAIR. (By Hon. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.) That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition to be held in St. Louis in 1904, will prove the greatest the world has yet seen no well informed person doubts. It is laid out on a much broader scale than any of the past, covering I believe, in area between eleven and twelve hundred acres, whereas the Columbian at Chicago in 1893 of which all America w^as so justly proud, covered between six and seven hundred acres. It will excel not only in size any world's fair of the past, but it will embrace more departments and a greater variety of exhibits. The world moves in more than one sense and especially is this true of the im- mediate past. The pace is quickening at every step. New and im- portant inventions and discoveries not dreamed of at the time of former expositions will be there on exhibition. There the -civilized world will meet and no doubt more or less of the less civilized, and learn from each other. Nations in greater numbers no doubt than ever assembled to- gether on any former occasion will be there within the borders of our own great State and vie with each other in one great u:iiteJ effort to educate and better the condition of mankind. Missouri is singularly fortunate that this great exposition is brought to our very doors and no Missourian be he man, woman or child of appreciable age should fail to embrace the opportunity of a life time by « K m P o o >> M o Ph S o O o U 01 X 11 LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 103 attending. The advantages there offered for learning will be unequaled and if intelligently made use of an education so to speak can be much more easily and rapidly gained than by reading or traveling. Instead of having to visit the different nations of the earth at great distance and expense they will be here assembled for the common good of all. We should be the more proud of this greatest of all expositions for the reason that it has been brought into existence largely by Missouri energy, intel- ligence and money with one of our most gifted and beloved Missourians at its head backed up also by a loyal sisterhood of states. Here on Missouri soil occupying almost the exact center of our Union the North, South, East as well as the unequaled West, will be assembled together welcoming with one united outstretched hand, the nations of the earth in friendly rivalry to take part in this mighty effort to enlighten the world. We will learn from them and they, no doubt, from us. In this effort Missouri will be a central figure and much will be expected of her. With her million dollar appropriation, I believe she will prove equal to the occasion but not without much thought, hard work and sacri- fice of time from personal business on the part of the Commission upon whom rests the responsibility of making the exhibit of our State. As a member of that Commission I can truthfully say I feel the weight of this responsibility and I am certain every member feels the same. Of the Missouri live stock exhibit in particular am I expected to speak. That she will here do her part well I can say without boasting that I haven't the slightest doubt. There is no way by which we can judge the future with more certainty than by the past. In both national and international shows of live stock in the past Missouri has led in several lines of live stock, notably so in cattle, hogs, sheep, light horses, jack stock and mules. And who is it in this enlightened age that has not heard of the Missouri mule? The Hon. Champ Clark has well said that in the war between this country and Spain the Missouri boys started for the front and but few of them got there, but the Missouri mule was in it fiom start to finish. His superiority seems to be recognized the world over and biy thousands he journeyed as far as South Africa and ma- terially aided our English Cousins in conquering the gallant Boers. At the Chicago World's Fair I saw a Missouri exhibit of fine wool sheep win three-fourths of the first prizes, to say nothing of lesser prizes he won. This exhibitor was none other than the late L, E. Shattuck of Stanberry, Mo., and he had for competition a very large exhibit of the very best the world could produce. The further eastern states for more than half a century looked upon as the home of the fine wool sheep were there in all their old-time glory but went down in defeat under the weight of the Missouri genius. I have heard many well posted stock 104 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. breeders say that he was the greatest breeder of fine wool sheep of his day. Mr. Wallace Estill, of Estill, Mo., was equally as successful at the same show with his exhibit of Aberdeen Angus cattle and I could name other Missouri exhibitors of live stock who were equally as successful with other kinds of live stock. In the late national shows of Shorthorn and Hereford cattle I have frequently seen Missouri come out of the hottest kind of competition with the first three, four or maybe first five ribbons and on one occasion I call to mind a case where Mjissoitri lexihibitors won the first seven prizes of the eight given in a class of very strong competition represent- ing several states in which were left more than double that number of animals that did not gain a position. In St. Louis in 1904, will no doubt be gathered together the greatest live stock show by far that the World has ever held. I have heard this prophecy many times from the lips of well posted stock breeders within the last eighteen months while I have not heard a single one dispute the correctness of the prediction. Some ten years ago I read in a leading English live stock journal a re-printed speech of the great Gladstone, delivered, it was said, thirty years previous to that time, before The Royal Agriculture Society of Great Britain in which he said that farming in connection with live stock breeding afforded the largest field for the development of the human mind of any profession known to man. The breeding and developmg of the best specimens of our improved live stock has ever been regarded by the intelligent student as a science of the highest order. As in any other avocation of life many who attempt to master its mysteries fail where one succeeds. I am not given to boasting but I have faith in the skill, energy and pluck of our Missouri breeders as compared with the like qualities of those from other states or countries and I am here to say that when the history of the live stock show of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition shall have been written I am sure the names of Missouri breeders will be found well to the front. THE IMPORTANCE OF SHOWING AS WELL AS BEING SHOWN. (By Hon. J. O. Allison, New London, Mo.) We are about to commemorate a great event. We are a celebrating people. We celebrate our birthdays, our wed- ding days, the lives of our great heroes, and statesmen, and the great historic events of our nation. We love to gather at the old homestead, LIVE STOCK HREEDERS. l05 and celebrate the birthdays of our fathers and mothers, and review tlie sacred scenes of the old home and Ijoyhood days, and "dream die old ■dreams over again." The old soldiers gather at Gettysburg and Chick- amauga, and around the camp fires, and on the sacred battle fields, pay tribute to the memories of the sacred dead. As the years come and go, the American people, with high patriotic purpose, gather togther, on the Fourth day of July, and twine anew the laurel wreath, and again crown our nation's glory. Pageantry, pomp and ceremonials, have ever held a place in the lives of civilized people. It is more befitting, that in the beginning of the twentieth century, we turn from the achievements of military heroes, and the pageantry of war, to celebrate the great victory of peace ; the mighty achievement of statesmanship; the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory; the great land transaction between Thomas Jefiferson and Napoleon Bonaparte; the greatest real estate deal since the time that God created the world, and pronounced it good, and quit-claimed it to the human race, and put them in possession in the flowery and fruited Garden of Eden. Great deeds must have great occasions; great results must have great causes ; great poets have great themes ; great historians have great subjects. Milton had Paradise, Shakespeare had Humanity, Jef- ferson, in writing the Declaration of Independence, had the "inalienable rights of man." The Columbian Exposition at Chicago, had the birth of a Republic. An Exposition, in order to be successful, must have a great event to commemorate, such as will create an enthusiastic interest and zeal in the enterprise. The first thing of importance, therefore, in the discussion of the great Exposition, to be held in St. Louis in 1904, is to consider, under- stand, and appreciate, the great magnitude and far-reaching effects of the event we are about to celebrate, and review the causes that lead to its consummation. To do this without the mention of Napoleon Bona- parte, would be like a marriage without a bride, or Shakespeare with- out a Hamlet. One hundred years ago, the Old World was completely dedicated to monarchies. By the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, the New World was dedicated to Republics. A few years before the acquisition of this territory by the United States, the American Colonies had gained their Independence, and established the little republic, along the west shore of the Atlantic. This little nation owned the sea-board, from Maine to Georgia, extending westward to the Mississippi river; the mouth of this great river, and the entire west bank, was owned and con- trolled by nations, unfriendly to the United States. This new and growing republic was made up of sturdy, pioneer and patriotic people 106 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. who sought to estabHsh a government based upon the eternal principles of human rights. But they were circumscribed ; they needed an arena, suitable to their objects; they needed a foundation, upon which to build the magnificent superstructure which wc now behold, as the great Ameri- can Republic. At this time the Old World was in the throes of war. The nations of Europe were trembling under the military power and genius of Na- poleon. His ambition was to dominate the East. Germany, Austria, Spain and Egypt submitted to his imperial power, and the hosts of Rus- sia gave way before his invading armies. He was successful every- where, except when he met the British troops; England was his great- est rival, and his most dangerous foe. England was then, as now, a great commercial nation, and Napoleon resolved to cripple her com- merce, by cutting off her trade with the nations of Europe and Asia, so far as he could control those which had come under his dominion, and by aiding the establishment of a commercial rival in America, and thus deplete the treasury of England, so that he would some day be able to meet her in successful combat. It was with this purpose, that he conveyed to the United States for an insignificant consideration, the vast Louisiana Territory. Just before Napoleon made this conveyance, and while discussing it, he said : "To emancipate nations from the commercial tyranny of England, it is necessary to balance her influence, by a maritime power, that may one day become her rival ; that power is the United States. The English aspire to dispose of all the riches of the world. I shall be useful to the whole universe if I can prevent their ruling America as they rule Asia." And again, it is authentic history, that just after the transaction was completed, by which the Louisiana Territory was transferred to the United States, that Napoleon said: "This accession of territory, strengthens, forever, the power of the United States, and I have just given England a maritime rival, that will sooner or later, humble her pride." With what prophetic vision did Napoleon look one hundred years into the future, and unfold the coming events! Read the stor\ of American commerce of today. It is written everywhere. Today the L^nited States is the commercial rival and competitor of England. Be- hold our navy, the pride of America, and the admiration of the world, and our Merchant Marine, carrying our commerce to all parts of the earth ! See the products of our farms and factories and, mines, export- ed to all parts of the world, coming in competition with like products of Great Britain and other nations; hear the jealous mutterings of Ger- LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 107 many, and Russia, in their attempts to exclude the importation of American products. Hear the demand of the United States for the "Open Door," in China, and a share of the trade in the Orient. Yes, look at the vast annual shipment of horses, mules, hogs, wheat, hay and corn, from this very Louisiana Territory to England. She cannot carry on her wars, nor feed her people, without the aid of American com- merce. The Fifteen Million Dollars, consideration, for this transfer, was not the primal and moving cause with Napoleon. His i)ublislu'd state- ments show, that he well knew it was a mere pittance, compared witli the value of this vast domain. It is a mistaken belief that Nipoleon did not have a fair conception of the magnitude and resources of the Louisiana Territory. He saw in it, at the time he ceded it to the United States, the resources and possibilities, of a rising commercial empire. Napoleon, in the transfer of Louisiana to the L'nited Slates, \)cv- formed the one act of his strenuous life, which has stood the test of tune ; of all of his mighty achievements, this alone has borne fruit. Germany, Austria, Italy, and Spain no longer bend the knee; his mag- nificent military exploits are only remembered in the dimness of fading history. Where are the fruits of his great battles? What glory comes to him from Austerlitz, 'Marengo and Waterloo? Who is made better by the exploits of his wonderful military genius? Over his grave thv poet sang — "He sleeps his last sleep; he has fought his last battle. No sound can awake him to glory again." If any sound could awaken him it would not be the sound of war trumpets, but the hum of peaceful industry in the Louisiana territory. If any sound could awaken him, it would not be the victorious shouts of a triumphant soldiery, or the flattering speech of subject monarchs it would be the glad shouts of eighty million of free Americans ; it would be the voice of huinanity rejoicing, that by the stroke of his pen, he made possible the development of this great nation, the champion of human rights and human liberty. By his sword, he failed to make the French Empire co-extensive with the bounds of Europe, but by his, pen, he made possible, the great American Republic of today. For his military achievements, he was doomed to perish upon the barren rocks of St. Helena. It has been well said of Napoleon — "He perished by his sword, By his pen he won immortality," 108 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. When I view this magnificent Louisiana Territory, T can not help but think, what a miserable failure Satan made, when in ancient times, he undertook to make an exhibit — when he took the Savior upon the mountain, and showed him all lands and kingdoms "round about,"' and offered to cede to him all of the lands and kingdoms, as far as the eye could encompass, if the Savior would fall down and worship him. What a mistake Satan made as usual! If he was really going to tempt the Saviour, why didn't he show him something good ? \Miy didn't he abide his time, and show him the Louisiana Purchase? Instead of going up- on the little mountain near Judea, why didn't he take him upon the dizzy heights of the snow-capped Rocky ■Mountains, where they could see something? Instead of showing him the River Jordan, why didn't he show him the mighty Mississippi and ]\Iissouri rivers? Instead of showing him the Hills of Judea, why didn't he show the great Mountain Ranges of the Louisiana Purchase? Instead of showing him the "Land of Canaan," why didn't he show him the land of Missouri? If he had shown the Savior all these things, nothing but his Divine nature would have enabled him to withstand the temptation, and im])ellcd hini to render that well deserved rebuke: "Satan, get thee behind me, lor it is written, thou shalt worship the Lord thy God." B}- the Louisiana Purchase the United States mere than Joubled its then existing area, and added a domain, greater than ihe combined area of England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Austria ; cut of which was carved the States and Territories of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Neb- raska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and the Indian Terri- tory. The acquisition of the Lousiana Territory, led to and made possi- ble the acquisition of the vast regions west of it, composing the States and Territories of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico; for without the Louisiana Pur- chase all of this country lying west of it, would have been segregated from the United States by an intervening foreign power, which, per- haps, would have made the acquisition of that vast region west of the Louisiana Territory, both impossible and undesirable. The Louisiana Purchase led to the Monroe Doctrine, because, with foreign powers occupying three-fourths of the territory now occupied by the United States, and controlling the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mis- souri and the Mississippi rivers, President Monroe would never have conceived, nor dared to promulgate the great American principle, known and cherished as the Monroe Doctrine. It is of the highest importance, that we celebrate this historic event, that marks the summit of Napoleon's fame, and crowned the glory of m o >> m a; *•* ^^ 3 o o >. m o m m o O K u u o U C 3 O U c 0) LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. Ill Thomas Jefferson, and re-enforced humanity, in its work of human pro- gress. Measured by the vast area of the Louisiana Purchase and its wonderful resources ; measured by the personnel of the two great char- acters who were its authors and finishers, Napoleon, the greatest soldier of the East, and Jefferson, the greatest statesman of the West ; measured by the far-reaching effects upon the human race ; it is one of the greatest events, in the history of the world. As the handiwork of Jefferson and Napoleon, it could not be less than great. We will com- memorate it by the greatest World's Fair the world has ever seen. Of all the states and nations preparing for this great international show, Missouri should be the best prepared. Missourians, "have been shown," so long, they are now ready to make a great show ; we have had a long and varied experience and training in the show business. Every Misourian delights in being shown ; in fact he "has to be shown." It is very important for Missouri to show, because she has so much to show, such varied and magnificent products to display. Missouri, with its rolling prairies, fertile valleys, mighty forests, majestic rivers, and rich mineral deposits, abounds in material wealth unsurpassed in all the sisterhood of states; Missouri, with its queenly cities, splendid railroads, vast manufacturing and business industries ; with its rich fields of undulating soil, where corn, wheat, oats, cotton and hay grow and ripen in luxurious gradeur; with its exhaustless mineral beds, where coal, lead, zinc, and rock, lie sleeping in the earth and mountains of iron await the blazing forge; with its vast expanse of orchards covering its hills and valleys, as far as the eye can see, flowered and fruited, in matchless richness and beauty, with the apple, peach and pear ; with its great stock industry of splendid cattle, horses, mules, hogs and sheep, which easily win the laurels, in the best prize contests of the land, — commands the admiration of the business and industrial world. Missouri, with its mountains and valleys, and prairies and rivers, and forests and landscapes ; where the grass grows and waves before die wind like the billows of the sea, and the flowers of every hue and clime, bloom and fill the air with fragrance ; where the birds of every note and plumage, from morning till night, wend their merry flights and fill the day with song — pleases and charms the most jesthetic tas^c. Missouri, with its magnificent educational system, with its schools and colleges and churches, where thousands of Christian homes dot the hills and plains and cluster by the rivers, attracts the admiration and de- light of the most educated, cultured and refined. Missouri, with its millions of intelligent, God-fearing, educated, patriotic, liberty-loving people, with its varied and boundless resources, is the greatest State in the Union. 112 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Such a State with its million dollar appropriation, deserves, de- mands, must liavc. and will have, the best exhibit at the St. Louis World's I'~air. that was ever displayed to the gaze of an admiring pub- lic, bv anv state or nation. AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE AT THE EXPOSmuN. (By Professor John T. Stinson, Superintendent of Pomology, Depart- ment of Horticulture, World's Fair.) Ladies and Gentlemen : I am here to meet }ou in the [)lace of Mr. V. W. Taylor, Chief of the Departments of Agriculture and Plorticulture of the World's Fair, who is on the program, but unluckily for you he is in New York and it is impossible for him to be here. I am not going to attempt to make such an address as ]\Ir. Taylor would make, for he is an Exposition man and would take up this subject in a thorough and comprehensive manner. 1 desire to say, however, for the encouragement of all of you who are interested in seeing Missouri make the finest exhibits in the Departments of Agriculture and Horti- culture that have ever been made at any Exposition, that you will find that Mr. Tavlor will do everything in his power to assist those directly in charge. He has had a large amount of Exposition experience, cover- ing the World's Fair at Chicago, and the Expositions at Omaha and L'uftalo. It is not necessary for me to attempt to give facts concerning the general scope of the Exposition, as the members of the different societies here represented are probably well acquainted with the general plan of the exposition. It is well known that this exposition is planned on a much larger scale than was the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. When it is realized that the exposition gronnds extend two miles in one direction and one mile in the other, some idea of the extent of this great exposition is obtained. The largest building on the grounds will be the Agriculture building which will cover practically twenty acres. This is evidence of the rec- ognition by the exposition officials of the importance of the agricul- tural industry. Some of the other large buiirings are the Transportation building, which will cover over fifteen acres, the Machinery Building, which will cover over ten acres, the building devoted to the Varied Industries, covering over ten acres, and the Manufactures building covering prac- I LIVE STOCK liRi:EDEKS. 113 tically thirteen acres. These are some of the larg-est huildiiif^s, while there are a great number of buildings covering from four to ten acres. It is certainly gratifying to the agriculturists of the State to know that the largest building of the exposition is the Agriculture building, and that it is naturally expected that Missouri will occupy a large amount of space in this building with her great exhibit of Agricultural products. The Horticulture building will cover about five and one-half acres. In this building will be the Pomological exhibit, covering a space of about four acres. This is about twice the amount of space that has ever been devoted to a fruit exhibit and besides it is all to be in one large room, which will add much to the value of the exhibit. The arrangement of the exhibit will be such that the whole exhibit space can be seen from certain locations in the building. In addition to the space to be devoted to the fruit exhibit, one wing of the building will be devoted to a large floral exhibit, which will be filled with rare and beautiful greenhouse plants from all sections of the world. The other wing Avill be taken up with the Horticultural machinery exhibit, and a part of the space will also be devoted to cut flower exhibits which will be made from time to time. The space surrounding the Agriculture and Horticulture buildings, covering an area of forty acres, will be under the Department of Horti- culture and exhibits of every known tree, shrub and plant will be exhibi- ted here in quantit}^ It is expected that a comprehensive nursery exhibit will also be made on these grounds. One of the features of the exposition, and that will be an improve- ment on former expositions, and one that will appeal to you all, is that an effort will be made to have live exhibits in every department where it is possible. Thus the plan to show processes as well as products, and the great value of this plan, from an educational standpoint will be realized by all. This plan will be followed in the Departrrent of Agriculture as well as in other departments. In this department will be shown the application of the machinery to the products of the soil by having all of the machinery used in connection with the product in actual operation. For example, wheat: All of the machinery used, such as binders, threshing machines, fanning mills and a flouring mill, will be in actual operation. In addition to this, the finished product as it comes from the flouring mill will lie used by the bakery which wishes to supply bread to visitors on the grounds. In addition to this, cotton gins will be in operation as well as a cigar manufacturing plant, and, in fact. 114 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. the processes of manufacture of all agricultural products will be shown where it is possible to do so. The value of collective exhibits cannot be overestimated, and I am pleased to quote from a recent statement made by Mr. F. W. Taylor, Chief of the Department of Agriculture, concerning this particular subject: , "The chief way in which it is intended to improve upon the methods of other expositions, in the Department of Agriculture, will be in the showing of a number of the various agricultural products in such a way as to make possible their study each by itself. Take, as an instance,, corn : An exhibit will be installed to consist entirely of this one product ; it will show every variety of corn from all parts of the world where it is possible to grow this cereal. Every known produ.ct of the corn as a plant or as a fruit will also be shown, together v/ith illustrations of the tises to which the products may be put. In this way may be presented all those articles which are made from the stalk or pith. The products intended for human food will be shown, as well as those products which are intended for animal food. "There will also be presented such products as glucose, alcohol, oil, starch, and all the other things which are manufactured from this widely adapted cereal. "It is believed that this method will enable a visitor tj get n much better idea of a great number of uses to which corn may be put than could possibly be afforded if it was necessary to go to a score of state exhibits to find them. "In much the same way as is described for corn wdll be treated such other products as cotton, tobacco, etc. These exhibits are intended not to take the place of but rather to supplement the usual exhibits by states or counties. "It is believed that this mediod of bringing together the loading items included in the department will prove one of the features of the exposition." ' It is probable that the classification of the Departments of Agricul- ture and Hortuculture will be of some interest to members of the societies here represented, therefore, I desire to mention some of the particular points connected with the classification. Under Farm Equipment will be shown the different systems of farming, plans of farm buildings and the buildings connected with farm- ing operations. Agricultural implements and farm machinery will be shown in the Agriculture Department. These will include all implements and ma- chines used in the production and manufacture of agricutural prod';cts. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 115 With tol)acco the equipment, processes and products will be shown, which will include the raw material, leaf and seed and the manufactured products. Under Appliances and Methods Used in Agricultural Jnduvtries, will be shown such establishments as dairies, creameries, oil mills, etc. Under Vegetable Food Products and Agricultural Seeds will be shown the different grains as they are harvested in the field, and their products after manufacture. Under Animal Food Products and meats of all kinds, including refrigerated meats, fittings and appliances for testing, separating and preserving milk and like products. The group styled "Equipment and Methods Employed in the l-'repar- ation of Foods" includes a vast number of products, consisting of flour mills, bakeries, freezing machines, canning factories, sugar refineries, distilleries and various industries for the preparation of foods. In addition to these will be shown, under another group, Insects and Plant diseases, a systematic collection of insects and vegetable para- sities of plants ; also the appliances and processes used in destroying injurious insects and preventing loss from plant diseases. Under Horticulture: Appliances and Methods of Pomology^ Viti- culture, Floriculture and x\rboriculture, are classed all the tools used by gardeners and nurserymen and those interested in like pursuits, also greenhouses, dififerent methods of heating the same, etc. The Appliances and Methods of Viticulture will be shown by build- ings used in connection with this work, implements used in the culture of the vine, collection of vines, all appliances for vineyards, wine sheds and cellars. The methods of wine making will be shown, as will the diseases of the vine and best methods of preventing them. Pomology consists of the following: Pomaceous and stone fruits; apples, pears, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, etc. ; citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, etc. ; tropical and subtropical fruits ; pineapples, bananas, guavas, mangoes, tamarinds, figs, olives, sapodillas, etc. ; small fruits ; strawberries, raspberries, black- berries, dewberries, gooseberries, currants etc. ; nuts, almonds, chest- nuts, filberts, pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts and models of fruits in wax plaster, etc. The exhibit of Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Plants and Flowers, con- sists of ornamental trees, seedlings or grafted, plants for the park and garden, herbaceous plants grown in the open ground, such as chrysan- themums, dahlias, etc. The Plants of the Conservatory will show specimens of the culture used in dififerent countries and forced culture of vegetables and fruits; 116 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Specimens of products ; plants for houses of moderate temperature ; plants for hot houses, etc. Under the group comprising Seeds and Plants for Gardens and Nur- series will be shown a collection of seeds of vegetables, plants and trees, young trees, seedlings or grafted, etc. I have attempted to simply give an outline of the classification for both Agriculture and Horticulture, and have not attempted to mention all of the groups nor the classes represented in each group, but simply some of the more important classifications that I believe you are more particularly interested in. In conclusion, I may say that I am pleased to give you these facts concerning the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture of what will be the greatest of all Expositions. I have been a resident of the State of Missouri for only three years, during which time I have been Director of the State Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove. However, during a period of about eight years previous, while connected with the State University and Experiment Station of Arkansas, I took a great interest in the fruit growing industry of Missouri, and especially the Ozark region. I believe I am safe in saying that there is no section of the country that promises more in the way of Horticultural develop- ment than does Missouri. At the present time Missouri has in its apple orchards the greatest number of trees growing of any State in the Union. iThe development of the peach industry in South Missouri during the past four 3ears is also wonderful, and I may say that from present indi- cations the real development of the Horticultural industry has just begun. I do not need to say to you that it is important that the Agricultural and Horticultural products of Missouri be extensively exhibited at the World's Fair. The great diversity of these products in the State, owing to the diversity of soil and climate, offers an opportunity to exhibit the greatest collection of products that has ever been shown. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 117 THE WHAT NEXT OF THE GOOD ROADS PROBLEM. (By D. Ward King, Maitland, Mo.) The good roads problem is of national importance ; it is receiving national attention. Nothing is too good for Missouri and she will be no laggard in the good roads procession. East and West, North and South, Missouri's methods of earth road construction are being studied. No state in the Union possesses better roads than can be found in this State, while, on the other hand, the earth road within a mile of a Missouri ham- let is not zi'orse than the earth road within a mile of Chicago, Cleveland or Washington. At either place, under certain conditions the best of teamsters will "stick in the mud." IJo;id l)y Jlr. King's farm, kopt up by the draggiug inotlioil. The road that has made a national reputation. It is my purpose today to consider as briefly as possibly the dragging of the roads ; earth roads ; the wastes of our present system, and stone roads. Road Dragging. — The results that follow persistent dragging of the roads after each wet spell cannot be pictured with words. I met Hon, 118 MISSOURI ACUICULTURAL REPORT. S. M. Prathcr, of Tarkio, Missouri, recently in St. Joseph, and as we shook hands he said : "I did not take much stock in your dragging idea at first, but I'll tell you, you cannot talk long enough or hard enough to a man to make him believe what it will do. The only way for him to comprehend it is to build a drag and use it." Mr. Qias. Hill, who lives about eight miles from Mexico, Mo., writes : "I have tried Mr. King's method of dragging roads and have found it a great success. I have dragged about three miles of road past my place this season. I have seen the time when other roads were cut up into two or three different pairs of ruts, and a man would be forced to travel in one of them. These ruts would come right up to each end of the dragged road which would be perfectly smooth." In conversation with me, Mr. Hill remarked : "Why, I could send a stranger over the road today, muddy as it is, and he would know within three feet of the place where I began to drag." I have often told my friends that one could see a wide difference with the eye, but that they must ride over the two roads in a buggy before they could appreciate the dragged road. Now, however, I go further and insist that one must drive a loaded wagon repeatedly over the two before he can correctly estimate the benefit of dragging. I reached the latter conclusion while hauling wheat this fall One can note at a distance the change in the "chuckle" of a loaded wagon when it rolls onto the dragged road from out of the ruts, but he must ride and drive if he would get the full effect of the lurching of the wagon and the whipping of the tongue. Weeds. — Until within eighteen months I did not fully comprehend the importance of low weeds as a factor in destroying roads. I mean low weeds and grass along the wheel tracks. They arc an unol^trusive but powerful agent of destruction. There has been an active campaign against the tall weeds and we are compelled to mow tliem, but the little fellow has been getting in his work unnoticed. It is this way : In the spring the big machine smooths the road from ditch to ditch, then we all drive down the center. After the first shower the weeds spring up and in a few days are ready for business. Their business is a four-in-one combination, i. e., to prevent the rain water from running to the side ditches, thus holding it in the wheel tracks, even when no ruts exist ; in dry weather to catch and hold the dust, in wet weather to catch the mud that hoofs and wheels splash; and at all times to keep the surface moist and loose and therefore soft. Is it not clear that if one inch of dusr and mud is removed from the center and caught by the weeds on the side, that their relative levels have been changed two inches? When we mow these weeds we aggravate the difficulty by adding their tops to the ac- LIVE STOCK BRERDFRS. 119 cumulation. Draggin,c^ kills the weeds in the seed leaf and allows the water to find its way unobstructed to the side ditch. Clay Olid Gumbo. — When talking with road men in the river bot- toms, they invariably bewail the lack of drainage, while the clay hill folks- envy the river men because they have no washes. Both classes are quick to say : "If we lived on the black soil of the prairie we would have some faith in dragging, but here ," and words fail them. Now, the truth of the matter is that either clay or gumbo will make a more sub- stantial road than the soft prairie soil. The self-same characteristics that make clay or gumbo so hard to get into good order, after it once gets exceedingly bad will operate to keep it from getting into bad order after it is once put into exceedingly good order. It will stay good just as ten- aciously under good methods as it stays bad under bad methods. True, it is soiiicfiiiic's with exceptionally favorable conditions a good road in spite of poor methods and conversely it is some times with exceptionally unfavorable conditions, a bad road, even under the best methods. By the way, a cla}- hill, a little over half a mile south of my house is the best piece of road of which I know, taking into account the short time it has been dragged. Before it was dragged, it was noted far and near as a tough proposition. At present, it is good, even in bad weather. Certain gumbo roads, dragged of course, were used last summer and summer before last as training tracks by trotting horse men and as speedways by the gentlemen drivers in the vicinity. Dr. C. N. vScott, of Mound City, says ih a letter dated November 22nd, 1902 : "* * * * have traveled gumbo road to Bigelow very often in the past five years and never saw it so good as it has been since they began to drag it. I go there to speed ,my horses. It is as smooth as a race track. I have many times driven over this two miles at a three minute clip," but he never did it before it Vv^as dragged. Mr. A. R. McNulty, of Mound City, has knoAvn this Bigelow road for thirty years, has been in the livery business for eleven years and has had mail contract for eight years. He usually goes over this road four times a day. Air. McNulty writes : "The road between Bigelow and Mound City has been in better condition this summer since the dragging began than ever before." Hon. John Kennish writes : "The (Bigelow) road is a United States star route and is much traveled when fit for travel. It is over gumbo soil and at times is impassible. This fal! the road has been worked by the King system of dragging and has been in better condition than it has ever been in the twenty years in which I have traveled it." Judge M. L. Nauman, of the Holt County Court, in writing of this road, says : "A portion of it has been so wet all summer that we could not make a start, but the other part never was so good before in the history 120 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RKrORT. of the road. The drac^ging- is the making of it." It is but just to add that the season there has been wetter than any on the records or within the memory of the oldest inhabitants. In this connection let me ask you did you ever see a wagon road through a swamp or over a gunil^o slough which was dusty while at the same time there was plenty of water and soft mud within a few steps of the dusty wheel track ? Did you ever drive over such a road and watcli the path rise and fall imder the horses' feet and see the mud and rushes shake for ten feet around ? Did you ever see in such a road "chuck holes" that were from eight to eighteen inches deep with dust in the bottom? Dust in the chuck holes and water standing close by several inches above the average level of the ruts? Many times have I seen such conditions and it always se'emed to mc that I was driving over a raft or traveling along the length of a great narrow boat. Did it ever occur to you that a material that will make itself, make itself, mind you, into a huge boat over which one can drive below the lex'el of the surroundin"' mud and water — did it ever occur to you? I say that this same material would make a splendid road if we could just turn' it upside down, turn the boat bottom-side-up, as it were, and then take care of the bottom, watching it closely to prevent holes or hollows forming in which water might lodge? Col. Clay, of Mexico, Missouri, tells me of a locality in the State of Mississippi where roofs of lumber are built over certain roads. Oi! is used in some places to assist in making a water tight surface for the road. Asphalt would be without value if it leaked. John Loudon Mc- Adam insisted on a firm, dry foundation to be covered with small stone so rolled and packed that travel would cement the surface and make it impervious to water. McAdam said: "The thickness of (the stone on) a road should only be regulated by the quantity of material necessary to form such impervious covering." The liighest type of macadamized turn- pike therefore is a solid roof made of small stone. We have seen gumbo roads that during a wet season reminded us of the boundary line between the United States and Canada, becailse it was a chain of great lakes, and these miniature lakes are there because those dusty chuck holes hold water like so many big tubs. Gentlenien, it is more difificult to build a boat or a tub than it is to build a roof. Hear me! If gumbo will manufacture boats and tubs without the use of brains, surely men with brains should be able to manufacture a roof from the same material. Let us roof our roads with clay or gumbo by careful, regular dragging. A thoughtful, conscientious trial will convince the most incredulous. Waste. — Few of us appreciate the wastefulness of our present system. It is wasteful in the extreme to work the road with a big machine and leave it untouched for two or three years thereafter. Especially is this LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 121 true if the machine Is used for the purpose of movinj^ a mass of loose earth, weeds, trasli, etc., into the center of the highway. Most of us reahze this fact. Most of us also see the waste of time and money caused by breaking in one new team each day and by having two or three men idle while their teams are at work on the machine. But have we ever made a careful estimate of these wastes one by one and then footed them up ? Let us do some ciphering. We will first consider the "green team" item. Many of us have seen new teams put on the machine in the morn- ing that so disorganized the other six horses that the outfit did not get to working steadily until the middle of the afternoon. And we have seen balky teams and balky drivers that not only made the other animals do all the work but drag them along to boot. We are also acquainted with the lazy team driven by the shirk;, their double trees are back against the wheel, they do no work, neither do they allow the team on the other side of the tongue to pull. Indeed the very best new team cannot, for rea- sons obvious to every experienced teamster, do itself justice when it first sets in. May we not, then, conservatively estimate that the average "green team" does only half a team's work up to noon of the first day? That is to say, one-fourth of one day's work for a two horse team is wasted by that team. But the other six horses have also lost time. We will estimate the loss of each of the other teams as being one-half the loss of the green span ; that is, one-half of three-fourths, or three-eighths of a day, which added to the other one-fourth gives us a total of seven- eighths of a day for one team. If a team is worth one dollar per day, we have a loss of 87^ cents. Conservative road men will, I feel sure, agree that this is a low estimate to put on the difference between a strong able team of eight horses accustomed to each other and to the work and, on the other hand, a picked-up team, no span of wdiich works longer than a day and a half and which is being constantly changed and disorganized. Eighty-seven cents w^aste per day for breaking green teams. The men who drive and operate the machine waste time also by reason of tho green team. Computing their loss on the same basis as before, each man will lose one-eighth day, equal to one-fourth day for one man, or twenty- five cents, making our total, so far $i.i2|^. To this we must add the time of three other men, for one man can drive eight horses, four abreast almost as easily as he can drive four horses, two abreast, so here is an- other item of loss amounting to $3.00 per day for extra men, giving us a grand total loss for teams and men of $4.12^ per day. More than this is spent on each mile of the road in a majority of our counties and twice as much in some of them. All this is on the presumption that the ma- chine is doing heavy zvork. That is, cutting down banks, filling big ditches or making brand new roads. If, however, it is being used with 122 ^nSSOTnn AflRTCtTLTUUAL REPORT. only four horses and merely for the purpose of smoothing the surface, then there is a still greater proportionate waste because the same work can be done with a well made drag. Listen, the empty machinery makes a load for a team, too much of a load for the average farm team. Those of you who have moved a big machine five or six miles will support me in this statement. Listen again, if one team is necessary to move the empty machinery, then when we hitch to it with four horses, only tico of those horses are moving dirt. We are then, in this case, wasting at three points, namely, first, a team hauling heavy machine ; second, a man operat- ing machine; third, by using an expensive implement when a cheap one would answer the purpose. An expenditure of $4 and wear and tear on a (say) $2CX) implement to accomplish a result that can be reached by an expense of $2 and the use of a (at outside) $5 implement. Moreover, the drag will do the best job unless the big machine goes over the ground twice, because the knife of the machine is adjusted by the wheels and each time a wheel goes over a bump or drops into a rut, the knife is raised or lowered. In order to do a smooth job, one must go a second time. On the other hand, the drag gets two whacks at the bumps and has two chances to fill the ruts and sticks close to the surface of the ground at all times. .^%* -v,..»x. ^ View of Rock Road, Stiattman, St. Louis county. Rough surface caused by recent water- main construction. By courtesy of A. A. DesChamps. Rock Roads. — I am persuaded that many localities in Missouri are enduring worries, expenses, and other disadvantages that adhere to mud LTVF. STOCK BREEDERS. 123 roads because they honestly believe that they are not able to better them- selves. The conviction that progress is possible must first exist before any attempt at progress will be made. It certainly is unfortunate that the mistaken idea that macadamized roads are impossible prevails in so many communities. Some folks seem to have a notion that unless the fields are covered with stone, rock is too scarce for road building. I will be dog- matic for a moment and assert, as a general proposition that a macadam- ized pike is a possibility wherever land is worth $30 per acre and rock can be obtained within two and one-half miles of the proposed road. Not all the roads, of course, nor perhaps even half the mileage, but the main thoroughfares. Permit me a few moments in support of my position. While visit- ing in Alabama last summer I saw rock roads building at a cost of $2,200 per mile where the best land was priced at only $25 to $30 per acre. Moreover, in my opinion, the road they were building was far heavier and wider than the travel demanded, and therefore much more expense than necessary. But the people there have been educated to see the ad- vantages of the stone road. Please do not think I am speaking of a radically progressive community. The old darkey still doffs his tattered hat and steps off the sidewalk as you pass. Chain harness is the rule. The old style bull-tongue plow is in tl^e majority and these fine roads are traveled by ox teams. Not of the ''New South" am I speaking, but of the genuine old fashioned, hospitable old South of the ante-bellum days. And now another statement : Although rock is superabundant thereabout, still the contractor found it profitable to haul the crushed rock two and one-half miles before moving the crushing machinery. I submit, gentlemen, that these two facts prove that with rock less than two and one-half miles distant and land at thirty dollars per acre, macadamized roads are a possibility. And it would seem a natural sequence that where land is more valuable, the stone can be hauled farther. And now let us consider an instance where a community might have rock roads if they just thought so. I have in mind two towns here in Missouri, lying about six miles apart. What is land worth ? Well, land between these two towns has sold recently for $80 per acre. Probably not an acre could be bought for less than $50; therefore, , the land value is there. As for rock, if we start from one town to go to the other, we find rock within a hundred steps of the highway before we travel a mile. At two and a half miles, rock is less than one-half mile distant. At three and a half miles, only three-fourth miles away. At four and one-fourth miles from town but one-fourth mile to rock, while at five and one-half miles it is only one-half mile from the road to a quarry that is kept open constantly. Here is rock, quantities of it. Here is land worth much 124 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. more than thirty dollars. W'hy don't these people have a stone road? Your answer? Is your answer ready? INIy answer has been j^iven ; the answer is found in the conviction of the people that rock roads are beyond their reach. The people have been educated to this belief by reading the wails that rise from our brethren in the rockless regions of our neigh- bor states. And all that is needed, gentlemen, to inaugurate an era of stone road construction right here in Missouri is the removal of this mis- taken conviction. In conclusion: I pin my faith in the future betterment of our high- ways to these foundation truths : I Rock within two and one-half miles is available where land is worth $30. 2. Six or seven feet of stone is sufficient for the average rural traffic. 3. Any community where rock is available is behind the times if it does not each year build a mile or more of stone road. 4. Where stone roads are absolutely out of the question and where, if they can be built, they are not yet an accomplished improvement, a dragged road is the best substitute. If we hammer away at these four propositions, the desired results will in due time be obtained. THE A B C OF ROAD DRAGGING. (By D. Ward King, Maitland, Missouri.) The most difficult part of road dragging is getting at it. All the rest is so simple that one learns it in the doing. The first noticeable effect is the smoothing of the road surface, and this in turn allows the rain and snow water to flow off, and encourages the distribution of travel over the road from side to side. Teams usually follow the beaten trail. Dragging destrovs the old trail and the new trail, each time border and less definite than before, is made on a different portion of the highway. By dragging while the earth is yet moist* the road finally becomes a series of practically water- proof layers of puddled earth, each one of which is rolled and pounded by the wheels and hoofs of travel. Almost imperceptibly the center of the road is elevated until you discover that you have made a smooth grade that is not easily effected by bad weather. Dragging kills the weeds in the seed leaf. It also does away with the bumps at each side of the bridges and culverts. Regular dragging fills them and they become as solid as the rest of the road. As the wheel LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 125 tracks arc all wiped out the water docs not run to the bridge after every little shower as it used to do, so you can drive as swiftly over the cul- verts as over any other portion of the dragged road. A peculiarity about road dragging is that you do not comprehend tl'ic steady improvement until after your neighbor begins. When he be- gins, then you will sec how much you have gained. Of course you knew it was better than the common road, but you did not know it was so much better this year than it was last. But if your neighbor is a year behind you the extra year's dragging your road has had will be apparent at every wet spell. Your road is a year drier, a year harder and a year thicker than his. His road will cut up quicker and deeper and will not dry near so soon as yours. At first you will have to drag when part of the road is too wet,. But after a while it will dry evenly, and the first few times you drag it wil' be better for you to merly drive down one wheel track and back the other moving- the dirt toward the center of the wagon track. Gradually widen as you get a chance. This will give a solid foundation. If the wagon track is at one side from the highway begin right there anyhow. The rest will follow in time. Don't be in a hurry. Make haste slowly. Remem- ber you cannot successfully give a house three coats of paint in twenty- four hours ; nor can you make a fine crop by plowing the corn four times in one day. First, make a drag, second, use it every time you can improve the road by dragging. Practice will make both you and the road perfect, — almost. now TO MAKE AND USE THE DRAG. For the ijurpose of giving more information about how to make and use the road drag, we print the following extracts from the pages of the 34th Annual Report. "The drag is made by splitting a log, placing the two pieces about thirty inches apart (with the flat sides both facing in the same direction,) and pinning them together. The lower edge of the front piece is pro- tected by iron ; an old wagon tire will do. The log should be ten or twelve inches thick and about ten feet long. Fasten a chain or heavy wire a foot or eighteen inches from each end by which to haul it. Hitch the team so that the drag will move the dirt toward the center of the road. The hitch is next in importance to the time at which the dragging is done. The right time is just as the road dries after a rain or when it is thawed on top during the winter or spring, and it should be dragged every time. "Of course a smooth surface for travel is thus produced, but a more valuable result is that the road will shed the next rain instead of absorb- ing it. This is the reason why the road should be dragged every time, 12(1 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. SO that it always will be ready for the next rain. If I do not say anything else here today that is remembered — and if the people in this Association do not get any other thought that they can carry home with them, I want them to get that idea — the way to make a good dirt road is to keep it so that the next rain will not go into it. This means dragging only about once a month on an average. I have kept track of it in order that I might be able to speak with authority as to the amount of time and I find that the average is twelve times a year, that is only once a month ; not much to Dl P / / / \ ? / ^ d2. \ / / \ \ / / N A C B Diagram of King's Drag. A, split log, 8 to 10 feet long, 10 to lli inches tliick, set on edge, botli flat sides to the front. B, strong oak, hedge or hickory i)ars, the ends of which are wedged in two-inch .uiger holes bored through the logs or slabs. Dotted line, chain or strong wire. D, Dl, D2, rings to connect double-tree clevis. Hitch at Dl and stand at C, on a plank laid on the cross-bars, for ordinary work ; or hitch at Dl! and stand at E for ditch cleaning or to make the drag throw more dirt to the left. To move dirt to the right reverse position of driver and last hitch. If working a clay road, put iron, old cart tire or something of the sort, on lower edge of drag at the end of six months ; for softer soil at the end of twelve months. secure a good road. I drag from my own front gate to my neighbor's front gate, a half mile. It takes about twenty minutes. I don't make very many trips to town before I have regained the time I expended in dragging, to say nothing of the gain to my neighbors and to the general public. "This method is very simple, as I have said, but to one who is famil- iar with the ordinary dirt road under all conditions of season and weather, LIVE STOCK BUIiEDERS. 127 the results are but little short of marvelous. Teams pass here at a sweep- ing trot when other roads are almost impassable. When the other roads are in such a condition that loaded teams must be rested every few rods, the same loads are moved over this road at a free walk and without resting. "More dirt can be moved and more of a show can be made by drag- ging the road during thaws in winter weather than at any other season. At such time the soil is crumbly and mealy and pushes to the center very easily. If a road is dragged two or three times in March or April it will show the effects all summer. That statement seems rather improbable and yet it is true that where I have succeeded in getting a neighbor out in April, May, or even March to go over his road just once or twice, that all through the summer you could tell it had been dragged. The weeds do not grow up on the edge of the road with a slant toward the inside as they do on a road that has not been touched after winter travel. But if one wants a road such as I have tried to tell you about he must live up to the motto, 'keep your road ready for the next rain,' and to secure full satisfaction he must carry out the idea for several years. However, do not allow this to discourage anyone — but make a start. "Nor is an iron faced implement absolutely necessary. I began with a drag made with an old post and a frost-bitten pump stock held to- gether by two or three short pieces of inch board nailed on top. It pulled to pieces at the beginning of the second year. And at first I simply drove a team straddle of one wheel track, going, and of the othei wheel track coming back, merely breaking the rim of earth that rises on each side of the wheel track and leaving the road in good condition for teamsters to "straddle the rut." After smashing both ruts I remember I used to look down the road approvingly, pat myself on the back and think I had the nicest road in the country ; and while I did at that time, yet it would look very rought to me at present. These days if my road does not look as smooth as a quarter stretch I expect people to criticize it. I hope you will not think I am exaggerating. Mr. Waters was there and saw it and he will bear me out when I say the road in front of my house and for a half mile south to my neighbor's is in as good condition as any quarter stretch at your fair grounds and it is that way most of the time — of course not while it rains — it is not that way until the mud dries up, but just as soon as it dries, and it dries a day or two before the other road, I get out over it with a drag just once and have another quarter stretch. If I don't get over it the neighbors are after me to know why I don't. This shows the power in such a condition of education. The people are accustomed to finding that road so that they can drive over it as fast as they wish and if they cannot do so they want to know 'what's the matter with King-' " 128 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REJ^mx. THE BEST APPLICATION OF OUR ROAD LAWS. (By Col. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.) I want to say a word or two about this drag^ging of the roads about which Mr. King has spoken. The county which has perhaps the greatest mileage of dragging on its roads is Caldwell. I was in the shops where they made these drags and there were over fifty in use in Caldwell County and the results stated by Mr. King are fully verified there. They have been using this method for over seven years. In Daviess County, Jas. Tuggle, near Gallatin and William Wood in Ralls County have been using this method for a number of years and what Mr. King has said is fully verified. I believe he said one thing which ought to be fully empha- sized, "you will not believe the full force of the value of this method of keeping up the road until you have seen and tried it," I do not want to detract one iota from the argument Mr. King has made, but if no other thought was emphasized than this, the value of the continuous care of the roads in this way, it would certainly be of inestimable value. Having seen this method of work, I was thoroughly impressed with it, and after I had stood upon Mr. King's road and had seen that he had worked it out to a finish better than any other one single place I had seen, I uttered there, upon that ground, the statement that "if all the supervisors and road over- seers in the State of Missouri could stand there and look over that road which was in full view and appreciate the value of Mr. King's method and be impressed with it, that it would be worth to the State of Missouri one hundred thousand dollars a year in the maintenance of their public high- ways." I said it then and I have no reason to doubt the truthfulness of that statement now. The topic that has been assigned me is the "Application of our road laws to the road maintenance." It occurs to me this way, gentlemen, that we ought to inquire into our laws and see if we have laws that are anyways near suitable for the purposes for which they were framed. If we have, then we ought to proceed under the laws, because so long as we are dissatisfied with our laws we will not make progress under them. So long as we are looking out in some direction for something that will make us better roads than what we have, we will not go to work under our present conditions. You take the farmer who feels way down in his heart that he is living where conditions are not favorable and wants to get away from there to a better country, that man is a dissatisfied man, there is un- rest in his soul and he will not be a progressive farmer ; but if he is recon- ciled to his place and believes in the possibility of his farm, he will proceed to improve his farm, improve the conditiofis around him and take heart. LIVE STOCK BKEliDEKS. 129 Now this Road Association, of which I happen to be Secretary, has been in existence about twelve years and the first work that we had in mind and in hand appertained very largely to the modification, amend- ment and improvement of our road law. There was a widespread senti- ment over the State that the laws of our State upon the statute books were absolutely inadequate and that if we could get the laws amended, we would have good roads. We worked in that direction and labored in it and had conventions. We had State conventions in all the principal towns of the State of Missouri outside of St. Louis and Kansas City — conventions at Sedalia, Columbia, Chillicothe, Cameron and all over the State. We eventually secured such laws, in the main, as this Association wanted. We were not able to secure just the laws we wanted, but we have gotten llie laws practically as we asked for them. And then the people of the State began to see something — they be- gan to see that the laws of the State and the constitutional amendments liiat we had clamored for, that these things did not make us roads. There seemed to be a sentiment that had gotten abroad in the minds of the people that if we just had the right sort of laws we would have good roads ; but laws and constitutional amendments do not make roads. Now we have gotten to a point where there is a re-awakening ; there was first an awakening in the direction of the improvement of our laws, but we have arrived at the point where there is something of a renaissance, something of a revival got into the people in 1900 and there is now a re-awakening which is widespread all over the State and the people are casting about in their minds and making inquiry about how to proceed about the im- provement of our roads and highways. Now I \vant to speak about the law just a little while. A law is something that should be, if it is a good law, crystallized sentiment, the result of experience, and the law if it is any account at all, must conform to business principles and to the conditions demanded, as based upon the experiences of men in business circles. The law does not make the in- stitution, the law is such as to conform to the business principles in the thing. Now we will make an inquiry first as to what business principles are in a road system and then let us see, having discovered the principles of a road system, whether we have laws that conform to these principles. Now we will look at it in that way just for a few minutes. A road sys- tem^ — all road systems must be co-operative systems, that is absolutely nec- essary. IMy friend, Mr. Canaday, might have the very best conception of how a road should be constructed and maintained; he might have the very best conception that could be thought out by the human intellect but he could not make use of it until his neighbors and all the people in A-» 130 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. his district would co-operate with him to inaug-urate these conceptions. It is necessary that they should be united, hence a road system is a co- operative institution. Being co-operative, it is a corporation. Every road district is a corporation in so far as business is concerned and also so far as law is concerned. Being a corporation, the people in the dis- trict being the stockholders, the roads their property and the maintenance of the roads their charge, then we turn and make the inquiry what bus- iness principles govern corporations? Now is not this right? If you will agree with me there, then you certainly will agree with me as we pro- ceed. Corporations, bank corporations, mercantile corporations, all the railroad and school corporations — because the school is a corporation — all of them transact their business through the boards of directors. Don't they? Therefore, we conceived the idea that a road system and the laws governing a road system should conform to that idea and that there should be for the management of the business of the road corporation, of the road system, of the road district, a board of road commissioners or a board of road directors. Now we have them. This law is called the "commissioner law." Now the other system, the road district law where caeh road overseer is appointed by the county court or elected, that sys- tem is in direct violation to the business principles that enter into the management of corporations. It does not conform, and hence that has been one of the things that has been a drawback, a bar to progress in the road management in the State of Missouri. Now let us go into an analysis of the road system. The road sys- tem is necessarily a complex one, it embraces distinct features. There h first the feature of the road system which is for the raising of revenue, and under the laws of our State and under the proper management of things, the raising of the revenue is taken care of by an ofificial board entirely dis- tinct and in no way connected with any of the other affairs of the road. In our State the County court or the township board in a township organi- zation are the ones that take care of this feature of the road question. There is another division. We have the revenue to be collected by those elected or appointed by the county court or by a board of township officers. The other feature is the management of the business of the road district. We call that supervision. The supervision has nothing to do with the feature of revenue raising and it should not have anything to do with it ; and we have a third feature which is separate from the other two, which is the feature of road building or road maintenance. Let us make a comparison here between the school and the road sys- tem, the parallel is quite close. We have first the raising of the revenu'e. which must be attended to by the county court, which makes out the tax bills and collects the money and places it to the credit of the district. The LIVE STOCK BREKDERS. 131 Board of School Directors, then, have the management of the bushiess of the district ; the building of the school houses and securing of the teach- ers, etc., but when it comes to the third feature, the work of teaching, another person entirely, is at the head of that. Don't you see? The teacher has to be a man or woman qualified for that especial work. Tlie Board of Directors may not be competent to teach school, it is not neces- sary that they should be ; they may not be competent to manage the as- sessment and collection of the taxes, it is not necessary that they should be ; the distinctive feature of their work is the management of the business, of the district. So likewise the Board of road commissioners manages the business of the road district. As the Board of Directors of a school district employs the teacher and, indicates in a general way what sort of work he shall do, decides upon the length of the term, etc., so, in like manner the Board of Road Commissioners employs the persons who do the actual work on the roads, by contract or in any other way that seems best to them. This is the central thought, the spirit of the law that we have upon our statute books today, called the road commissioner law ; it conforms to business principles. You may look, gentlemen — I speak now advised- ly — yrv :r:iv :-rir?ack the laws upon the statute books of every state in the Union, you may loJi. ■ the business principles in these laws and look as you may you will not have a better set of principles than those I have announced in any of them. As evidence of the truth of this, when this law was enacted in 1899 there was a howl of disapproval went all over the State, such a howl of disapproval as perhaps was never heard upon the enactment of any other law. In one county — I am going to give you a specific case — the antagonism to that road law was so severe that the mem- ber of the legislature, who had been in the legislature of 1899 was thor- oughly convinced that he would be defeated, and they relegated him to the rear and a man by the name of Blank, a brainy man and an elegant gentleman was elected. He was elected upon the proposition that he was unalterably opposed to the road commissioner law. I knew him and have known him all his life. He was a thoughtful and conscientious man but had not studied this law very much. He used it, of course, for cam- paign purposes, as you know a politician will do. After his election I sent him some very carefully selected road literature, giving some arguments used in 1898 and used with the General Assembly in 1899 to get that law upon the statute books. I sent him these and asked him as a friend to read them and sent him a copy of the law — for he had not read it — and asked him to make an investigation and I said "You cannot afiford not to do it. All I ask of you is to make a careful investigation, and don't stop at mere surface reading, but go down into the question." He did so and 132 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. I told him I wanted him to meet me at the State meeting at Fayette. Mr, Blank is a conscientious man and he went to St. Louis and spent at the public library in that city, a whole week studying the road laws of the dif- ferent states of the Union. He came from St. Louis directly to Fayette, and said to Mr. Reed, the president of the Lnproved Roads Association : "I have investigated this law, gentlemen, and I must confess I find no fault in it. I mean to say, no fault in the general principled of it." Now what was he to do? He was, to use a very uncouth expression, between the Devil and the deep sea. His constituency were behind him looking to him to wipe out of existence and forever obliterate every sentiment in favor of this law and if possible expugn it. There was his constituency on the one side opposed to it and his conscience in favor of it. But he acted honorably, he got up before this Association and before the people" and said: ''Gentlemen, I have investigated this question as thoroughly as I can, up-to-date, and I am prepared to say that there is nothing wrong in the principles underlying it." Let us look again and discover some of the things wherein this com- missioner system is distinguished from the road overseer system. Take the question that was very carefully discussed by Mr. King a moment ago, that of the wasting of the revenues. Why a waste? I do not know that he explained just why. We have two classes of revenues, a cash revenue and a labor revenue, and if there is any one thing that we have been striv- ing harder to do than any other, it has been to forever wipe out of ex- istence the barbarous system of paying poll tax in labor. We made an investigation of that question and wrote to every county in the State of Missouri some years ago — that was in 1898 — and asked the men who had knowledge of road matters to estimate the value of poll tax paid in labor as applied upon the roads, and as a rule they put it below fifty cents on the dollar, some, in fact, as low as twenty-five cents. Striking a general average, it fell below forty cents on the dollar, Mr. King has told us why the labor for poll tax is of so little value and we need not argue this question any further. We have sought all these years to establish a law that would require that all the road tax, both poll and property, be paid in money. This principle of paying poll tax in money goes further than Mr. King outlined. He went far enough to show the utter waste- fulness of it, but it goes further. By the use of this kind of revenue it is impossible to adopt some other principles that ought to be adopted. It is in the way, a barrier, a bar which you cannot get over. Why ? In trying to adopt the contract system, a large percentage of the revenue would be payable in poll tax labor, consequently the adoption of that method becomes impossible. It is also almost an absolute bar to another proposition, that a continuous application upon the road the year round is ltvf: sincK breeders. 133 needed all the time. Suppose we are dependent upon poll tax paid in labor ; the sentiment of the district is with the commissioner and he says we ought to get out and do the grading in the early summer or spring time: if we are dependent upon poll tax paid in labor, the farmer, being a very busy man at that period of the year, cannot possibly do it ; and con- sequently it has become a habit so long in vogue and so long in use that it has become almost second nature with us that we give our roads a periodic working once a year, and as Mr. King has very forcibly ex- pressed it, it is like undertaking to raise a crop of corn and doing all the cultivating in one day. Is not that right? Whenever you have to de- pend upon labor paid tax you cannot do otherwise. These are two im- portant principles that cannot be put into use when we depend on that character of revenue, consequently it makes an estoppel right there and we cannot make progress so long as we use that character of revenue. And these things being as bad as they are, the fact of the inefficiency of the teams and all that being as bad as they are, that is not the worst. There is another thing to it yet. There is another estoppel, an ab- solute bar to progress and that is this, so long as labor paid revenue is the standard the money put in with it is depreciated and brought to the level of the labor standard, it is not worth exceeding forty cents on the dollar. We were in a position to appreciate the force of this when we were pro- mulgating the bill, expounding it and endeavoring to get an increased rev- enue; endeavoring to get the people of Missouri to vote an increased amount that may be applied upon the roads in the several counties. A few years ago, in '95 or '94 probably, when that proposition was sub- mitted to the people of Missouri, they said "No!" and said it with empha- sis. They said "The money that we are now paying for road purposes is squandered, and we will not permit their getting the use of any more money to be squandered." Why was it squandered ? Because it was used in connection with the labor standard and so was worth 35 to 40 cents on the dollar. In 1900 when it was shown to the people that there was a possibility tliat the additional amount of money would be used so that every dollar expended would produce one hundred cents worth of value ; after importuning them, after making road speeches in many parts of the State and going to conventions and institute work and writing papers and urging the farmer to vote for it, he did vote for it and by an overwhelm- ing majority the constitutional amendment was adopted, allowing a levy of fifteen cents additional revenue on the hundred dollars for road and bridge purposes. And I want to say to you that so long as you retain in your road management, this principle of using poll tax in labor and making labor the standard — so long as you do that, progress is absolutely impossible. If you want to make progress in your county, if you want 134 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. to make progress in your township, if you want to make progress in your district, go back and say to the court and the Boards of supervisors in your township : "Exercise your prerogative which the constitutional amendment gives you." — and also "Exercise your prerogative which the law gives you, which was ajnended in 1901" — and not till 1901 did we get that far along. But, we did, after importuning the committee, get them to put in a clause providing that the county courts in the several counties may require that all the poll tax shall be paid in cash, and that is the law today ; but it has to be by the action of the county court. Now this is the plan under the present road law and I speak for the counties not under township organization. When we were endeavoring to unify the road laws we called the representatives of the sixteen counties in the State under township or- ganization together in the halls of the Legislative Committee room and the value of the commissioner system was laid before them and we showed them as best we could its principles, in which they agreed with us. IMr. Ellis was one of these members and there was a bill drawn by Mr. Ellis harmonizing the township organization road law and the general road law of the State, which was accepted, so far as I know by every member from the township organization counties and it was passed and became a law of the State, but for some reason unknowti to myself it was repealed in 1901. THE GENERAL INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES GOV- ERNMENT IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC ROADS. (By Hon. W. R. Richardson, Commissioner of Highways, St. Louis, Mo.) It is quite a pleasure to me to come to you on this occasion and tell vou something of the interest of the Federal Government on the subject of Public Road Improvement. The story, I am very sure, will be of en- couragement to those who are interested in this very necessary public im- provement. Even with all the work that has been done, all the agitation, all the earnest effort on behalf of a great many of our people wlio have given so largely of their time in advancing the questions of bettering the roads, we are still as a nation behind all the other countries of the world — not only the civilized countries, but many of the semi-civilized countries — in the condition of our roads, and really there is no other question that is of such importance, such necessary interest and- usefulness to every- body, as a thorough control of the road by the Gove'"nmcnt. The sulijc't ramifies nearly everything with which you have to do. It is nearest to LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 135 you from a social standpoint, from an economical standpoint and from a financial standpoint, from the standpoint of comfort, of pleasure, of bus- iness. It interests your stock, your advancement, your everything-, and why it is that the American people, so enterprising- in every other respect, should give such a left-handed, secondary, almost indifferent considera- tion of the question of improving their highways, is one that has not yet been solved. We demand the very best in everything else. We want good level grades on railroads ; we want heavy rails ; we want splendid road beds ; we want good substantial bridges ; we want every comfort in the way of cars and every accommodation, we want rapid transit ; we de- mand every facility of this kind. When we travel by water unless we have some palatial boat we cruelly complain, say it is unbearable, unen- durable unless we have every convenience of this kind, and at the same time we will endure for ourselves, our families — our wives and our child- ren and all who are nearest and dearest to us — the beast of burden that serves us, the most ridiculously uncomfortable, miserable, conditions of the common roads, dragging through the mud, over rocks, down through gulleys and gutters, and every other condition, and go on doing it day in and day out. We suffer in our schools, we suffer in business, and we suffer every way from this condition and at the same time we do not g-ive it that business application and determination to improve it that has made the people of the United States far ahead of nearly every other people on the face of the earth, in the advancement of industrial, commercial and social conditions. The New York Chamber of Commerce several years ago after a siege of what is known as the "mud blockade," by which their commer- cial interests were so hampered and interfered with that it disturbed those men and stopped them from watching the click of the Stock Exchange and their business affairs, to inquire what the trouble was and when they learned that it was the condition of the roads, they stopped to consider for amoment and then proceeded to vote the sum of $10,000 and present- ed it to the Government with the request that a Bureau or Division be established by the United States Govermiient for the purpose of in- quiry into the condition of the public roads of the country, and to suggest along lines that might lead to their improvement. You know there al- ways has been a very strong sentiment or jealous idea prevalent that the question of State rights when applied to the improvement of roads, was something very sacred, and that the Federal Government was encroach- ing upon a time honored principle of this Government whenever it took any interest in affairs pertaining to the improvement of the common roads. We can touch it from any other direction. We may spend a vast amount of money to improve rivers and harbors, although they are on the bor- 13fi MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. ders of the several states, but whenever we touch that which comes next to the home and next to the man in the matter of home affairs, whenever we touch upon the question of roads, we immediately hear that the Gov- ernment is going beyond its function and entering the domain of state rights and state affairs. I am glad to say, gentlemen, that we are grad- ually but slowly and surely breaking away from that distinction as applied to the road question. This amount voted by the Chamber of Commerce in New York was accepted by the Government, and this department is doing a great work. The amount of work that that department is doing to promote Agriculture throughout the United States is almost inmeas- urable. They established in that department a little division called the Office of Public Road Inquiries. Sometimes we wonder why it is that such a large name was given to such a small office ; it was done with the idea to restrict the office to the work of inquiry and not for road construc- tion, having to encounter the prejudices which existed at that time. This was in 1893. Gradually from year to year smaller sums of money were appropriated for this purpose, and this office was maintained only issuing bulletins from time to time and spreading information where it could be done. In the fall of 1900 a National Convention upon the subject of "Road Improvement" was held in the city of Chicago, and from that con- vention was organized the National Good Roads Association with its headquarters in that city. They invited all of the states to do something that would arouse the people and attract their attention to the importance of improvement of the highways. With that end in view, different plans and schemes were devised. The idea was suggested that there might be some great railway system that would be willing to furnish a train, that the manufacturers might equip that train with the necessary road machin- ery, that the Government would lend its influence and that this train would traverse the system of this railway and construct object lesson roads, that they might hold conventions, that they might co-operate with the local, State and Government officers, railroad officials, road machinery people, the press, which is the great educator of the Union, and ihro'igh them, stir up and arouse and stimulate an interest upon this subject. The first great train started from Chicago and held its meeting in the latter part of April, 1901, in New York. Tliat campaign lasted for three months over that great railroad in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky and the lower portions of Illinois. Following this, there was a meeting at the Lake Shore at the Buffalo Exposition. And then in October came a train that was operated over the great Southern Railway that went through the states of Virginia, the two Carolinas, Ala- bama, Tennessee, portions of Kentucky and Georgia and down through that country. This itinerary consumed about five months' time, visiting LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 137 all the principal points in those states, holding conventions, constructing object lesson roads, etc. The result of all that was that the last Con- gress, the session before this, increased the appropriation for the ofhce of Public Road Inquiries from $10,000 which it had been appropriating to $30,000. This enabled the department to commence a campaign in the Northwest. The National Association then gave way, and the Govern- ment took up the work. We laid the matter before Hon. James J. Hill at St. Paul, and he put at the disposal of this convention two splendidly equipped dining, sleeping and box cars for the accommodation of the crew of officers and engineers. This train made a tour through Minnesota, and the Dakotas, and then the tour was extended down through Washing- ton and Oregon and through Salt Lake City and Denver. The result of this expedition has been wonderful, keeping the interest wide-spread ; the people everywhere have had their attention directed to the importance of the subject, and now as a result of all that has been done in these sev- eral states; as the result of all this campaigning; as a result of this work; not only this but all that which led out from it, the people are devising means of practical legislation at the meetings of these general assem- blies. They are organizing associations purchasing necessary machinery, developing their different kinds of materials for road making purposes and there is a general interest in the work of road improvements through- out all the States of the Union. Not only is that the case, but in this ses- sion of Congress, Representative Brownlow of Tennessee, has introduced a bill which enlarges the Road Division under the Department of Agri- culture with an appropriation of $20,000,000 to this division to enable the National Government to give the necessary aid for the construction of roads in the United States, covering that provision of the Constitution which says that they have the right to construct and maintain military and post roads. You would be surprised at the interest that is manifest- ed in every direction, and particularly in the East and South and the Northwest upon the subject of this bill. Thousands and thousands of letters are pouring in from every direction, resolutions adopted by the different associations, organizations and road societies of the several states, urging upon the members of Congress and others the importance of enacting the principles of that bill. I hope before I sit down to ex- plain to you in a measure some of the features of that bill, and if it is possible, I would like to have you endorse the principles of this bill, and that your interest might go in the direction of endorsing the principles if not all of the detail features. All the states which are making sub- stantial progress in permanent road building now are those which are operating under what is kncnvn as the Modern State Aid Plan. It is an exploded idea that the roads and common highways must be constructed 138 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. solely by the farmers or by those owning land, and that the cost should be laid upon the abutting- property. The towns, the cities, the people in general, have just as much interest in every way in good substantial roads as the farmer, and it is an unnecessary burden, a wrongful burden upon the land and upon the farmer, to require that he shall be made to stand all the expense of the construction of the roads. Now we all recog- nize that for many years to come, a large percentage of the roads will be the common earth roads and we cannot hope in a day to surface these roads but I want to say to you gentlemen that you will never have a good sub- stantial road, such a road as your interest demands, until you surface that road with some hard, resisting material. Now you must come to that proposition. You may improve the earth roads, and you may get good, satisfactory results from them ; you may improve your natural conditions a great deal, and that is to be commended ; but what you want to do is to put your heads together and evolve a system that means for you and your county and your district, good highways that are surfaced either with substantial rock or gravel or mining slag, or something that makes a good durable road. This is not an impossibility, it is not a burden when its cost is properly equalized. In the States of New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey, they are building splendid roads — probably more expensive than it would be necessary in these Western States. Those States are rich and the people have gone into it and they are building expensive roads. You need not follow all of the details of their laws, but those principles should be adopted, and they will be and must be before you have a satisfactory system of road improvement. Now, Col. Waters said this morning that your present laws upon the statute books were all sufficient for your purposes. I have read over the statute laws of the State touching upon the question of roads, highways, bridges, etc., and in a general way I can endorse what Col. Waters says. My impression from reading them, however, was that upon the subject of highway improvement you have overlooked a very important principle in the enactment of these laws. Col. Waters said this morning that the laws were perfect but we did not have good roads and the law would not build roads. That is very true. Now, in order to have roads and to con- struct roads, you must have your laws practical and applicable to con- ditions, and some force must be behind them to put them into operation. Now, if I am not mistaken, the law in regard to the construction of hard roads in this State provides that a petition must be signed by the adjoin- ing land owners along where the road is made, and that the tax levy must be restricted to the district wherein the road is to be built. Now, with that principle it will be the exception if you ever build many hard roads, because a man is not going to sign a petition to build an expensive road I LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 139 that is practically going to confiscate his property, and he is not going to do that for the general public and incidentally for the benefit he may get from it. He mav use it a little more, but that is the only difference be- tween his use antl that of the general public. Now, no man is going to sign that kind of a petition, and it is not just that he should. Tlie principle in the construction of the hard roads is that it should be under a general supervision either by the State or through the county, and the states that arc most successful are the states that are organized under a State supervision, and the tax for the construction of these roads is paid in a sum one-half or one-third by the State, 25 per cent to 30 per cent by the county, and about 15 per cent by the abutters of property. That equalizes the cost. They are letting them out upon contract and the result is that petitions are now piling up in the office of the engineering depart- ment and highway commission of these several states to such an extent that it will take them years and years to build all the roads that are applied for, and every legislature brings numerous requests from the state to aid in the construction of these roads and highways. The farmers and those who opposed this sort of measure in the beginning, are now the most hearty in its endorsement, the most clamorous for the roads, and they are building throughout these states magnificent highways. And' this is the solution of the problem, gentlemen, all you have to do is to get away from any blind prejudices that you have that to build hard roads means to confiscate your property and just sit down and say we will not improve our roads and will stick to these old conditions, and use the good com- mon sense that you have been endowed with, investigate the matter and get with your neighbor and make a plan which will equalize all the bur- den for yourself and others to secure the road. The bill of Mr. Rrown- low that is now pending in Congress, is simply a factor to that state plan. "The National Government," he says, "has an interest in post and mili- tary roads, and wherever there is to be constructed a highway connect- ing two states, or in one state, in which the Government may have a special recognized road for military or for post or other purposes, then upon petition the Government shall come in as a contributing factor in the construction of that road. It enlarges the field and to that extent makes it easier for the communities to have the result desired, that is, good improved roads. I think it is a subject that should command your atten- tion. I think it is a subject that demands your endorsement. If you will investigate it, if you will direct your Congressmen in that direction to look into it, it will be of commanding influence in directing Congress along that subject." There are other forces besides that of the office of road inquiries, under the Government, that are now operating to stimulate this particular 140 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. interest in behalf of road improvement. The department alone can only be directed in inquirin^: into the conditions, experimenting, educating, spreading bulletins on these matters of information, going into the several states (as it is my pleasure to come here) and talk to the people upon the subject of improving the roads, but in the Postal Department there is an improvement today that is having wonderful influence upon the road condition and must increase its influence from time to time. I now refer to the extension of the Rural Free Delivery. It has been and is a con- dition precedent to the establishment and maintenance of the Rural Free Delivery Routes, that the roads shall be in a good passable con- dition, and the Department assured our Division that ihey shall be more responsive from time to time on that subject. Mr. has been with us at several of these conventions. He was with us at St. Paul. He is a very practical man and one who is very much interested in the subject of improving the roads and blotting out that which interferes with and destroys the efficiency of the service in the extension of the Rural Free delivery, and that Department is very anxious and is doing a great work upon this subject. The Rural Free Delivery is extending rapidly. It is a marvelous thing to contemplate what is being done in the United States in this direction. I understand now at the close of this fiscal year, that more than 12,500 routes will be established, that six or seven million people living in rural districts will receive mail at their door. These mail agents or carriers are really walking post offices and more convenient than for men living in small villages where they have not free delivery, because he comes to your door. He has envelopes, he regis- ters letters, he takes letters and mails them, he does everything for you, he gives you the news of the day, he is really a travelling bureau of in- formation. You do not have to go beyond your own door. And, be- sides, I understand that the Department of Agriculture will now add another feature which will be important to the rural districts. The Weather Bureau has endeavored largely to aid the farmer so that he may know something of the weather for the benefit of the crops. Heretofore they posted these signals in the towns, where the farmer would probably not hear of them until his crops were destroyed. Now the idea is to have these mail carriers who travel these postal routes to have these little sig- nals upon their wagons or to carry them upon the peak of their cap, so that when they come to the door you may know as near as the weather fellows do what kind of weather you may expect. That is another very important feature and it makes practical the Weather Bureau, and that to some extent is what the Government is doing in the way of promot- ing this subject of road improvement. The division is divided into four sections : southern, eastern, central, and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast. There is one special agent ap- LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 141 pointed for these special districts. I have the honor to represent the Mississippi Valley States, and it is my duty to attend, as far as practical within the limited amount furnished by the Department, these various meetings if possible. I would be glad to go into every county and every state to meet the people and board of supervisors, and if possible to stimu- late an interest along this line. I am glad, indeed, to find that the State of Missouri is aroused upon this subject. I am sorry to find, however, that there is such a large area of this State that is in the mud, and I am sorry to find that there are so few spots in the State, even in the very best counties, in which you will observe good roads. Really there is very little being done in the way of road building and road construction. The poorer the county, the more necessity there is for it to get good roads, because a poor county above all others cannot aflford bad roads. You must have good roads to make anything out of your county. If you could go into some of these other states, if you could go into Alabama, referred to by Mr. King, and see what those people are doing, and I will leave it to these gentlemen here if thcr.^ is a part of Alabama where the land will compare with that of good old Missouri ; and still these people wall bond these counties for $150,000 to $200,000 — vote it right oflfhand — and put it into building their roads, and you can go there and it is just a delight to get into their wagons and ride all around. Tlie pride of this class of farmers is in showing their roads. They indicate improvement in every direction ; the people look brighter, the farm houses look cleaner — every- thing looks better — the darkies are more cheerful, and even the mules look you more squarely in the face. It is so everywhere. You used to be able to tell a man by the condition of his gate. It is the same with the common roads. But it would be idle to spend time upon that ques- tion. Every man I am talking to is in favor of improving the roads and every man is impressed with the importance and necessity of having them, and every man within the sound of my voice wants good roads. But the misfortune about it all is, we just sit down and don't have. What we want is action — practical action. Go down to the Legislature and study the details of these laws and find where the fatal place is and have that amended and make it practical so that you can go to work and do something. You cannot set them, out by themeselves and let them work alone ; you must have a law that has some force to it. The trouble about enacting laws and legislation is that the man who is most enthusiastic for roads is nearly always ready to surrender and lay down his prin- ciples; it is not what is right, but what will count for something. He needs to get action, he has got to have certain influences, the money must come from somewhere. The wav to do it is to frame a bill that is prac- tical, that means something, and have a legislature that will get out and do 142 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. something, wlio will stand by it. If you cannot get it in one session, take it to the next. If you do not get it, go back to the people. The people are always in favor of having something. They want good roads just as much as you do, and are just as tired of the conditions every- where prevalent, and are in favor of improving them. State your needs earnestly and fairly, do not surrender, do not lay down, stand up for what is right and proper and keep hammering at it. If you are not suc- cessful in getting it at one time, get it the next. But you keep surrender- ing. You have a bill that is all right — it reads fine, but it is like the fel- low's flying machine — the machine is all right, but it won't fly. You want something that flies, that's the idea. Now, gentlemen, I want to talk to you for a minute about this Brown- low bill. As I have stated, this comprehends the Government taking its part, having its share in contributing towards this co-operation for im- proving the highways, and the people have become aroused upon the subject. It is a growing subject and one that must come and I wish that good old Missouri would get in line with it. I would like to have you on the firing line early, would like you to be the first one to plant the flag upon the ramparts, that Missouri would be the very first petition that went into the Department for an improvement of the highways in this State. I have a copy of this bill here : I won't take time to read it now. It is for the co-operation of the different states. The first appropriation asked for is $20,000,000. The first appropriation made by the state of New York, I think, was about $100,000 ; the last appropriation was more than $600,000. The amount asked for from the next legislature of New York is $1,200,000; the state of Massachusetts is the same way. I only state this to show how this matter will extend and grow if it is given the start. The plan is following the general principles of the State Aid Law. Petitions are sent from the various states to the Department, and this money is apportioned to the states according to their population and more general interest, and that is of general interest to the Government, and the importance of public highways. Tlie same principles apply to the state. The state reserves the right of inspection as to the importance of the road. Naturally enough, the main lines will be the first to have consideration, but whenever the main lines are built, then it follows in a short time that the less important will receive due consideration. If you get two or three main good macadam roads crossing the county, all going out into different directions, the rural route will eventually take care of the others. If people ever get a taste of good roads, they will never stop until they have all the necessary roads. The day of toll gates has gone by, so you had just as well eliminate that from the consideration of the building and maintenance of roads. That is a useless thing, so that you LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 143 had just as well get away from the idea of toll gates — we had just as well wipe that off the slate for the people will not stand it. Kentucky and Tennessee tried to get rid of them until eventually they accomplished it. They tore them down — the people would not stand them. The county ought to buy them. The solution is an equalization of the taxes. Get away from this idea of putting it all on the farmer. I want to say to you with all due respect to thefarmcrs and their methods and the advancement they make, when I see the conditions of the road and know they have been in the hands of the farmer for a century and a half, and the result of their work, it does not commend them to have this work any longer. They have either got to improve their methods and evolve something them- selves, or they will have to go to the legislature and have them adopt some new methods. The most sickly thing I know of is the demagogue going to the farmer as if he was a sickly, sentimental know-nothing and lie had to go humming around sniffling to some one. The farmer is the very first man to spit on that sort of a fellow, and his days are limited. He likes a man who has some backbone, and likes something that gets results just like everybody else. You can fill the statute books full ot laws and leave it to the farmer to pay the tax on his own land and con- fiscate his own property, and you will never have good roads. You must go to the merchants, railroads and big corporations that prosper upon the prosperity of the farmer, those who ci'*e interested, and who get the profit that comes from them, to pay something for these roads. There ought to be something back of the building of these roads, and when you get away from the idea that the farmer ought to pay all the taxes, \ on will have good roads. They talk to the farmer and say. pay your money and we will have good roads. When you go to town and these merchants be- gin talking about the bad roads, you tell them "You chip 'n and we will have good roads. I am not going to build all these roads for you." That is the proper way to do it. Tt is the right ;M'mci])le to aj)ply. Thi-; bill comprehends that idea. I would like very much indeed if it has your endorsement. It is the endeavor to equalize the proportion everywhere so that ]\Iissouri stands just the same as Massachusetts, New York, Cali- fornia or any other state in the Union. TSiis bill might not be perfect; I do not know that I could pick out any flaw in it ; the principle is right ; the Government has a great interest for roads. I know that in France, Germany, England and Spain, where they have magnificent highways, where the country is checkered with beautiful roads, beautiful homes, are found on every side, the peasantry are just as happy as they are in the streets of your crowded cities of today, from time to time the Gov- ernment has aided in the construction of the roads. I know that that is where the result comes, and I want to say to you, gentlemen, that if you 144 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL RErORT. ever get a system of good roads where it is necessary to have good roads, you must have the National State and county co-operation. Now, there is another matter I desire to present to you. The Na- tional Good Roads Association and the Department I represent, and I have the honor to be Secretary of the National Association, is doing everything possible to stimulate this movement ; that is to get the people awakened to the idea that they are going to have these things and that is the first condition before you will ever secure them. They are trying to promote interest alf over the length and breadth of this country. DISCUSSION OF MR. RICHARDSON's ADDRESS. Col. Waters : I would like to refer briefly to some points brought out in this address. I would like to say to Mr. Richardson and all of you that we have scarcely claimed Missouri to have a very good law on the subject of building rock roads. That, I must confess, is the weak place in our laws. Our endeavor — the endeavor of this Association has been to begin at the beginning and inaugurate a road system at the bottom and I would say to him here now that this very question was discussed — the question that I spoke of this morning was discussed in the Pan-Ameri- can Road Congress at Buffalo in September, 1901, of which he was secretary, and a gentleman from Pennsylvania, Mr. John Hamilton, the secretary of the Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture, said some things at that meeting I had intended to read to you this morning, but I did not get quite to it for want of time. Mr. Hamilton took precisely the same view of this question taken by the framers of the general road law of the State of Missouri. He was speaking of the question of state aid — endorsing it, it may be, but he made this remarkable statement in that great convention. He said : "Before state aid and before anything else can be done, and paramount to all, there must be competent supervision. It is the greatest folly to appropriate money which is to go to men who are incapable of spending it judiciously * * * much as I am inter- ested in good roads, in Pennsylvania, if I were in the legislature anri $1,000,000 or $5,000,000 were to be given for public roads, and its ap- propriation depended upon my vote under our present system of super- vision, I would vote 'No.'" (Applause.) We in the State of Missouri are getting upon a business basis. I do say that the law, in so far as a primar)' organization of our road manage- ment is concerned, is built upon business principles, and when we have proved our ability to carry on our business, as we may, then I am in favor of going to the legislature and asking assistance from the State. I be- lieve it is going to come, but it will not come and ought not to come until we have proved to the world that we are competent to disperse the funds LIN'K STOCK BREKDERS. 145 upon our roads and get one hundred cents worth of value out of every dollar expended, hut that day is coming, too. We have not in the past emphasized very much the building of rock roads, not because they are not of great value and almost absolutely necessary and are going to come, but we have endeavored in the past to build a foundation and to educate ourselves in the primary department, if I may use that expression, so as to get up to this more advanced matter, and I am glad to know that we are moving along in that direction, and I am more than glad that we have the presence of the gentleman from the Department of Agriculture in the United States with us to help us along in the agitation of this question. If any of you gentlemen will take the pains, if you are yet doubtful and skeptical as to the character of our present law in the State of Mis- souri, to follow Mr. Hamilton in his discussion of the very same ques- tion, you will see that he is on precisely the same track that Missouri is on in that direction, and the law that he was talking about was adopted only in 1897, and had not yet been operated in Pennsylvania, but was just be- ginning then. As to state aid, what does it mean? It means that the farmer would not have to bear all the burden of road construction. It would mean, if the money was contributed and appropriated by the State, the city of St. Louis, which does not now pay a dollar of tax for our rural roads, and also Kansas City and St. Joseph, and the great interests of the State, the railroads, the telegraph systems and all of these taxable franchises would put into the roads of the State of Missouri four dollars to where the farmer would be required to put in one, and that they have an in- terest in the roads is evidenced by Mr. Richardson's address ; therefore, it is the proper thought for us to work in that direction, and first to put ourselves in a position to use these funds so as not to squander them. Now, as to the laws that have been made for the purpose of construct- ing rock roads and other roads, the law that Mr. Richardson referred to has been on our statute books about twenty-five years, and I think I am safe in saying that no road was ever built under that law. Mr. Gabbert : We have had rock roads built thirty-five years, but not under that law. Mr. Waters : Any way our Association is not opposed to that law. Let it stand there. But we have not yet thought out or been able to think out a law that we think is applicable, but we are coming in that direction. The time is coming when we will have a law that will enable us to build good roads. Now, as to the Government — any of you that are reading, and I think all of you are, can see the signs of the times, and how it is that these A— 10 146 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. influences have come about which have caused one of the greatest steps forward that has ever been made by a civilized country, so far as the farmer is concerned — the Department of free rural mail delivery. There must follow closely upon its heels some interest taken by the Federal Government in the very roads over which these rural routes are estab- lished. I do not know precisely the nature of the Brownlow bill. The rural routes would be post roads and we now have' something which catches on to the constitution. We have a constitutional cover for our rural routes. When they wanted the Government to make an appropriation for the great turnpike that started from the east and came through Wheel- ing — the Cumberland-Pike, the President fought it and said it was not a post road, and therefore a government appropriation was unconstitu- tional. Every one of these rural roads is a post road and we have there- fore a constitutional right back of us. Mr. King : I am a farmer myself, but I desire to at least apologize for the poor management of the roads by the farmers and offer an ex- planation. About twenty-two or twenty-three years ago I knew a young fellow who got married and he and his wife went to housekeeping on the farm in a one-room house, say twelve feet one way and thirteen and one- half feet the other. They rolled the mattress up in the morning and tied it with three strings and stood it in the corner during the day, and when the older members of the family came from the East to visit them, when it came time to retire they went out the door and around the front of this one-roomed establishment and went up a ladder and into the half-story through a half window and slept on the ceiling. Now, gentlemen, the United States is only just beginning to keep house. Can anybody tell me how old the rural routes are? This country is only five hundred years old from its birth, let alone its wedding day — let alone the time it has been housekeeping — only five hundred years from its birth. Wash- ington is only four hundred years old. How old is Rome? The roads of Rome were built 750 years B. C, and it is 1903 years since Christ. Please do not blame the farmers because they are still keeping house in one room in America. We are going to do better, and that is what we are here for today, to learn to do better. Mr. : I did not get what Mr. Richardson considered to be an equitable ratio between the General Government, the State and the county and the farmer — the equitable proportion that it takes to build these roads. Under your system you proposed to let the general Gov- ernment, the State and the county and of course the farmer all assist in building the roads. I did not catch the ratio. Mr. Richardson : There are different rates in the different states. In New York the general fund pays 50 per cent, the county 35 per cent LI\'K STOCK BREEDERS. 147 and the abutting property 15 per cent. In some of the states the general fund pa3-s 33^ per cent and the rest is prorated between the county, the township and the abutting property, making about the same ratio. The Government comes in for its portion. I do not know that the question as to just what the ratio will be has yet been determined upon. You will understand that the Government interests would not be a factor in the construction of all the roads of the State, but only in those main roads that the Government might regard as of some military or postal advantage. When that is done, the amount will be prorated equit- ably between the State, the county, the Government and the abutting property. I dq not' know exactly what the rate should be, but I should think it very fair to say that the Government and State would at least carry 50 or 60 per cent of the cost. Col. Waters : I now wish to read the report of the Committee on Resolutions. I will say of this report that these resolutions represent the results of this discussion and will go out into the world as our sentiment. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Whereas, the State Board of Agriculture has for several years taken an active interest in promoting road improvement and has co-operated with our State Road Improvement Association ; and Whereas, there is a lively awakening throughout the State in pro- gressive activity in bettering the condition of Missouri roads ; and Whereas, we believe now is the opportune time for vigorously push- ing the good work; therefore, Resolved, that we endorse the work being done by the Board of Agri- culture and emphasize the necessity of largely increasing and widening it, and to that end we recommend that at least two thousand dollars be appropriated by the present General Assembly to carry out the work for the next two years. 2nd. In the light of continued experience we emphasize the demand that all revenues for road purposes be collected in money. 3rd. The progressive methods put into practice in the different counties of the State create the necessity for increased revenues. We therefore recommend that the extra 15 cents allowed by the constitutional amendment be levied for road and bridge purposes. 4th. As a principle in road maintenance we recommend continu- ous care of the roads all the year under the contract system, or hired labor. 5th. The method of keeping the roads smooth by some suitable drag having been demonstrated to be eminently practical and efficient, we heartily recommend it and especially urge upon every road district in the State to^ give the plan a faithful trial. 148 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL Ri:rt)RT. 6th. That we favor a law in this State that will provide State aid in the construction and maintenance of improved roads in Missouri. 7th. The Missouri Good Roads Association in annual meeting at Springfield, January, 1903, hereby gives its unqualified endorsement to The National and International Good Roads Convention called by the officials of the National Good Roads Association, The Office of Public Road Inquiries, Department of Agriculture, State of Missouri and City St. Louis, The Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the business and rail- road organizations of the State, to be held in St. Louis, April 27th to May 2nd, 1903. And believing that the public road interest of the State should be adequately represented in said convention, therefore, be it further Resolved, that this Association appoint five (5) delegates and five alternates from each county in the State, as representatives in said con- vention, and that the Secretary be instructed to forward list of names of said delegates so appointed to the National Secretary at St. Louis. 8th. Recognizing the value of National and State aid in highway improvement, and believing that the National Government has an interest in improving military and post roads ; therefore, be it Resolved, that this Association fully endorses the principles of the "Brownlow Bill," now pending in Congress and -equests that the mem- bers from this State give favorable consideration and support to the same, and that copies of this resolution be sent to each members of the Missouri Delegation in Congress. THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIABLE PEDIGREES AND THE INFLUENCE OF RESPONSIBLE BREEDERS. (By E. E. Axline, Oak Grove, Mo.) This I consider one of the most important subjects now facing the breeders of pure bred stock. An unreliable pedigree is worse than none at all. And a pedigree from an unresponsible breeder is the same as none. W'hile I do not think there are many breeders of pure bred stock who are unreliable, I am satisfied there are some who do not feel the responsibility resting on them in the making of true pedigrees. About all there is in making a pedigree is a man's honor and integrity, and all depends on his honesty. A true pedigree not only shovv^s the blood lines of an animal, but it also shows the lineage of individuality each ancestor possesses. An untrue or unreliable pedigree does not really show anything at all, as all its showings are false and cannot be depended on as true and reallj' is of no value whatever. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 149 Xothincr is more important to breeders of thoroughbred stock than a reliable pedigree from a responsible breeder. A reliable pedigree must come from a reliable and honest breeder. Such cannot or Avill not come from a careless, negligent, or untruthful person, and a reliable pedigee must come from an honest, truthful and responsible party. A responsible or reliable breeder will not under any circumstances mis- represent the breeding or individuality of an animal (knowingly) in making a pedigree. There is no breeder who should not feel a great One of Mr. Axline's Herd Boars. responsibility when making a pedigree. A true pedigree depends al- together on a person's honesty and ability and his knowledge of the individual and its ancestors. There should be no guess work in mak- ing a true pedigree. All things pertaining to the individual and the ancestors should be a matter of record and a person's recollections should not be depended on for anything. It is true some can remember a great deal, and might write true pedigrees from memory, but I do not consider this a safe way, and not reliable. All dates, marking, number in litters and color should be a matter of record, and memory should not be depended on for anything. An animal cannot have but one true pedigree. I have been a breeder of Poland Chinas for over twenty years, during this time I have seen a few hogs (Poland China^) with more than one pedigree. A case when one animal was owned by several parties at different times, each owner would give a pedigree of his own regardless of its true breeding. As an illustration: Several years ago I sold a very fine individual, but plain bred sow to a brother breeder in a neighboring state. She had been bred to my best boar on a certain date. Shortly after I sold her, I attended a combination sale in this neighbor state in which the party that bought my sow had a con- 150 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. signment. In looking over the offering before the sale commenced I noticed a very familiar looking sow. I recognized her easily as being the one I had recently sold to the brother, who had a consignment in this sale. In one ear I found an ear tag corresponding to a number in this sale catalogue. In the other ear I found a hole where my ear tag had been. The breeding in this catalogue was altogether different from what it was when I sold her. Instead she was represented as being sired by a noted boar belonging to the present owner, and was repre- sented as being bred to another noted boar on same breeding date as given in my catalogue to my boar. This I considered an unreliable pedigree from an irresponsible breeder. This is only one instance, but I am sorry to say that I have seen several similar cases. I am glad to know such breeders are few and this kind of cas-^? an; not gen- eral, but it goes to show what has been and what can be done, and that all depends on honor and honesty. As a believer in honesty and up- rightness and being a little superstitious, I believe the old saying, "Mur- der will out," and I believe all such breeders as above mentioned will soon be found out and will not last long. And this is as it should be. As breeders of pure bred stock (especially of hogs) let us not think we can be too particular in keeping records of every thing pertaining to making a true and correct pedigree of every individual, and may we ever ignore and disapprove of dishonesty in any form, and mav we always feel that all depends on honesty and integrity, in making true and correct pedigrees.' TRE.A.TMENT AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT SOWS. (By M. M. Anderson, Lathrop, Missouri.) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I feel a- delicacy in attempting to address an audience of as much intelligence as this, composed as it is of men of so much more varied experience than I have, men who have been success fullv feeding and h.andling brood sows for a much longer period than I have ; men who. by their intelligence and strict observation and by strict adherence to ■common sense methods of feeding and sanitary rules and regulations, and by studying closely the effects of proper mating, have attained to the heights of fame in the hog world, and whose names are a .synonym for the best type of the American hog. But to my subject. To begin with, I will say that the treatment and feeding of a pregnant sow for the best results should begin before LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 151 the sow has been bred. Her treatment and feed prior to this should have been such that she will be in a thrifty condition, but not fat. After she has been bred, she should have a quiet place to herself for two or three days, after which she should be allowed plenty of range. If in summer, she should be turned on good pasture (clover preferred). If she has this and has access to plenty of fresh, pure water and shade, she will need but little else until farrowing time, when she should be provided with a comfortable house in which to farrow. After this her treatment does not come under my subject. If she has been bred in the fall when she cannot have the benefit of fresh pasture, this should, as far as possible, be supplemented with succulent foods, such as sugar beets, mangels, oats and mill feed. As in summer, she should have plenty of range with comfortable quarters in which to sleep, with not more than four or five to bed together. One of Mr. Anderson's Herd Boars. A good plan and one that I have found to be profitable to take the place of clover and other summer pasture, is to sow a field to rye or wheat on which sows can run during the winter and early spring. The propriety of feeding rye to sows that were in farrow has always been a debatable question, some claiming that its use would cause abortion, but I have been feeding it more or less to my brood sows for a year or two, and no bad effects have followed. I would like for the dis- cussion that shall follow to be as elaborate as possible on this subject. If anyone has observed any bad effects following the feeding of rye to brood sows, I would like to know of what nature and under what conditions and circumstances. •My manner of feeding it is to grind and mix it with skim milk and such other kitchen slops a^.. T may have, and it iliere arc not enough of these, I make up the dedcieucy v\-it]i pure water and soak twelve hours, or from one feed to the next. I find this, where I have raised 152 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the rye myself, to be much cheaper tlian buying- bran and shorts at the prices which have prevailed for the last few years on these com- modities. DISCUSSION. Mr. Canaday : I do nbt think that T can say very much and espe- cially about feeding rye. I have been afraid to feed it and for that reason I have had no experience with it. I feed it to pigs and other hogs except pregnant sows, and I would not advise it because I have been taught that it was a little bit dangerous for hogs and horses as Avell. Mr. Anderson's paper has taken up all the ground, so far as I know. His management is good. I do not feed beets or anything of that kind, but I think it would make a good feed. I have a Avood pasture and clover and blue grass, and I have arranged a run of one- half mile ; that gives them plenty of exercise, and I think that is worth almost as much as good feed, and of course they find something in the blue grass pasture and clover field. I always give them a run to pasture and a moderate feed of corn. I do not want my pregnant sows to be over-fat, but I put them in good condition for the time of farrow- ing and I have had' extra success in saving my pigs. If a man does not lose sleep by staying awake to watch over his sows, he need not expect extra success in raising his pigs for there is a great deal of danger of the sow over-lying her pigs. There is another thing I would like to mention and that is not breeding the younger sows until they are at least eighteen months old. If she is bred when but a year old, she does not have a very large litter and she suffers from swelling of the teats that do not give milk ; but if you let your sow get fully developed before breeding her, she ought to raise a full litter. Prof. Mumford: There are one or two things about the subject of feeding rye that are pretty definitely determined. In the first place, there are a great many breeders of swine who feed rye very extensively to their pregnant animals, and safely, too. On my own farm I have been feeding rye for five years, feeding it particularly to pregnant sows and feeding it a great deal ; but sometimes, and most frequently in a wet season, a fungus develops on rye whicli is called ergot, and when that fungus develops, it is a very dangerous thing to feed rye, for in pregnant animals it is almost certain to cause abortion. Xow this fun- gus grows out in the same place where the grain should grow and it grows much larger than the grain usually. I have seen this black crescent-shaped fungus an inch long and from that down to half an LIVE STOCK BREEDERS, 153 inch long and when there is any great quantity of that fungus on rye it is easy to see it at harvest time and it is dangerous to feed it to any pregnant animal, but when that fungus is not present rye is un- doubtedly as safe to feed as any other grain, in my judgment. Just one other thing which does not bear upon this question. We know in the Eastern markets the buyers discriminate against rye-fed hogs, hogs fattened on rye, and they will pay more for corn-fed hogs. Tt does not have anything to do with this question under discussion, but it is rather an important point after all. Mr. Gabbert : I am not a hog raiser, but I would give rye the go-by. You can raise more wheat to the acre and twice as much corn, and I don't see why men want to fool with a feed that is dangerous. I am not a hog raiser, but I would not feed rye if I were afraid of it. Prof. Mumford : Under the conditions of my farm I can raise more rye than wheat, and I raise rye rather than depend on corn be- cause rye is a better balanced ration for feeding animals. It is har- vested before corn is ready, for we usually have the corn fed up before the next corn crop comes along, and another reason for growing it is that it gives a variety of feed. I do not pasture it with hogs, when I cut it for grain, and when I use it for pasture I do not cut it for grain. Mr. Anderson : Take it one year with another, it is a more cer- tain crop than wheat. Prof. Mumford : Undoubtedly. Mr. Gentry : I have always understood, as Prof. Mumford says, that it was the ergot in the rye that was dangerous. When you buy the fresh grain you can tell whether it has ergot in it. Prof. Mumford : Yes, you can see the grains of fungus. It is a lump. It is not like smut, it retains its shape, and you can readily distinguish it. It is a hard grain, usually considerably larger than a grain of rye, and much of it is screened out and it does not develop in any ordinary season to a dangerous extent, but it does in very wet seasons. Mr. Gentry : Like Mr. Gabbert, I have not had much experience in feeding rye. I was always afraid of it and as long as there is any- thing else, I do not feed it. In the fall of 1873 I purchased in St. Louis the champion Berk- shire sow for all breeds, winning the Pork Packers' prize and as best sow of any age or breed. She was well along in farrow when I took her home and I was feeding her rye and the man by accident let her get through the gate and get a big dose of rye slop and she aborted. I never knew whether or not it was the rye. It may have been, I do not know. 154 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. I have never found any slop yet that I think is the equal of corn, wheat and oats ground together. The rye might be just as good as the wheat, but I think no better. There is practically no danger in the wheat. Rut aside from that, my own experience has been differ- ent from what most men advise in regard to feeding sows in farrow. I never have believed in feeding much slop. The agricultural papers say, if it does not suit you to feed your pregnant sows corn, give them slop. I don't believe it is a good way. I believe, the reverse is ex- actly true. I have talked with ]\Ir. Snell of Kansas, and I told him my method and he agreed with me that if you feed altogether slop, or slop largely, to sows in farrow you have a great many dead pigs. They are apparently well developed, but they have no strength. I have seen a whole litter of a dozen pigs and every one dead from feeding the sow too much slop. That, of course, is uncommon. I lost two or three of the finest sows I ever raised by not giving them a grain of corn when in farrow. I had been showing them and they were pretty fleshy and I kept the corn away from them entirely. One was an im- ported sow. They did not produce a pig. That is my opinion of what slop will do. I love to feed the old-fashioned Missouri corn. Corn is consumed largely in keeping up the animal heat. I can feed corn during the winter months and it is not dangerous as it is in summer, because it is consumed in keeping up the animal heat. But I believe in slop feed for sows not in farrow. I like to see a sow not too fat in time of service, but she must be in a thrifty, gaining condition for the pigs to be strong and active. If your sows are in farrow, you don't want to feed much slop. Wheat bran is enough if they can get to the grass. That and corn is all they want. I do not keep my younger hogs fat, but I give my sows and pigs plenty of corn and feed liberally and let them get fat. But if the sow is fat at the time of service, you cannot give her corn every day in order to produce pigs. Sows are thin as a rule wheu they are bred and are thin after having' raised litters ; but I believe in lib- eral feeding and letting them get pretty fat. Mr. Ellis: There was a statement made by Mr. Mumford, I be- lieve, that should be explained. He stated one reason why he raised rye was because it was more productice than wheat. People here do not un- derstand that Prof. Mumford's farm is in Michigan. That condition is not true in Missouri, for the average yield of wheat in Missouri is greater than the average yield of rye. In this State — and in talking with the farmers I find they agree with me — we can get as much out of wheat for pas- ture as rye. Mr. Shepard, who is largely engaged in the dairy busi- ness in Boone county, keeps about seventy cows and pastures them a LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 1 55 great deal on wheat during the winter. He stated a few weeks ago at the Dairy meeting he thought he could get more benefit from a field of wheat for pasture than from a field of rye, and I can corroborate what Mr. Gabbert said that we get a larger yield of wheat in this State than rye. It is different perhaps farther north. ]\Ir. King: I have been raising hogs like an ordinary Missouri farmer for the market and I agree with Mr. Gentry that the sow would fare better if she looked a little too fat than if she is not fat enough. It is a wonderful mistake that is made by the average farmer that a breeding sow should be kept thin. Plenty of feed and unlimited exer- cise is the best thing for the sow and for the little pigs. I have prac- ticed a limited feeding of corn and scattering it — and when I say scat- ter T mean scatter. I have sent men out to scatter oats and wheat for my hogs and told them : "Now I want this scattered so the sow can- not get but one grain at a time," and they would string a half bushel in a string forty feet long and be careful to put a half, bushel in a straight string. If I am feeding brood sows I scatter wheat or oats or rye for the purpose of securing exercise — I scatter a handful at a time. yir. Ziegler: Would it pay to grind the wheat instead of scatter- ing it? If ground, would it be better to feed it dry or make it into a slop? I don't know how to feed it when it is dry, but I moisten it a little. Mr. Gentry: In the fall of the year and early winter when there is a lot of grain and grass, I would not feed any slop at all, but weather like this when the}- cannot get anything but dry corn, I feed slop, largely bran, something that will make it bulky and keep the bowels open. If you feed them in a house where the wind does not reach the feed, you can feed it dry and let them have water, for in winter the water freezes up. I have seen instances where men fed dry ship stuff. A Poland China breeder says the fattest lot of pigs he ever saw were fed on dry ship stuff'. In winter the water is apt to be frozen and I like to have slop to make a balanced ration, and also give them a drink of water. The water ma}- be frozen and they cannot get a drink, but give them a drink once a day. But in the fall of the year when there is plenty of grass and water, corn is all they need ; that is an aged hog. For a young hog that won't do. You cannot raise a hog exclusively on a corn diet. Corn makes fat and there is nothing as cheap, but to make a fine animal you ought to have a variety of feed. Mr. Canaday : I would like to hear from some of the breeders concerning the bed for the pregnant sows. My plan is to have a very large shed for them to sleep in so they will not group up. I believe 156 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. there are too many small houses or beds for the sows to sleep in, thev pile up and crowd one another and the small ones especially have a poor chance. This fall I built a house twenty-four feet long, fourteen feet high and sixteen feet wide on the hillside or in the timber with the south side -open three or four feet high and the other sides all closed tight. I covered it with rails giving good pitch and covered that with hay, leaving a double wall on the north and at the two ends; filled first between the walls with hay tamping it in and covered the whole thing with hay or straw. It makes a nice warm place and does not sweat the hogs and they do not crowd one another, but if one jumps up the others get out of the way. The shed must be large enough for the sows at farrowing time and they should have plenty of room, so they will not have to turn on their pigs to get out of the house. I think this is an important subject and has been a pretty costly one to me in my time. Mr. Anderson : I want small houses so there will not be room for more than three or four sows to get into one house, not room enough to make a pile. If you have a large house and room for fifteen or twenty or more sows, they will naturally pile up when it is cold, but where there is not room for more than three or four they will not pile up. Mr. Canaday : My pasture is large for sows and it is better to let them all sleep in one house than to cut it up into smaller houses, they can get a better range. I have twenty or thirty sows to sleep in this large bed. I do not hear much fuss. They are well acquainted and each one knows her master. If they are separated awhile and then put together, they will fuss. I can pasture them to better advantage by letting them all run together and it would be quite a job to separate them all at bed time. At pigging time, of course, I separate them be- fore bringing pigs. Mr. Anderson : Let as many sows on the same pasture as you want to, if you will just have the house, they will divide themselves. Have the house so that not more than three or four can get into one house and only three or four will get into the same house. Mr. Ziegler: My best success has been with the small houses. I used to raise hogs, quite extensively, though not so many as I would like to have raised. I had the best success with houses seven by seven feet, built in an A shape, very deep and very steep with a slat or rafter at the top and a door in the end. I could move these houses arout.d wherever suitable and by pigging time would move them around in my pasture and bed them well, and my sows found the way in and when they were in, I made hurdles by nailing three boards together so I could LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 157 shut them right in, I put one at each side and two together in front. I could shut up my sows in there and they would do well ; they would squeak in my ears, but I had no trouble in keeping them there, and I would bring feed, water and slop to them or whatever I fed them : and where I had a great many sows and more or less of them had pigs right close together, I doubled them up after the pigs got about a week old, and put two sows in one house. The reason I built them A-shaped is, the first ones I built square and roofed them over and the sows would over-lay their pigs, but the A-shape would keep the pigs on each side so the sows could get around. I fed clover hay in the winter time, nice good clover hay, and the sows relished it very much when I had no grass. Speaking of Missouri corn, I have not fed any of that, but we fed a good deal of Peoria corn, and you know what effect that has on a man. WHAT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI IS DOING FOR THE FARMER. (By Dr. R. H. Jesse, President University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.) Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject which is assigned to me for this evening is a very large .one, because the farmers of Missouri are very numerous, the agricultural interests are diversified and the Uni- versity is helping the farmers along a large number of lines. The College of Agriculture is the best investment, so far as I know, that Missouri, as a State, has ever made. She has put into it, accord- ing to the best of my calculation, in the thirty-two years of its exist- ence, a little less than three hundred thousand dollars ; that is all that the college has, up to date, received from this commonwealth, but the college has received from the Federal government in thirty-two years eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and it received also one hun- dred thousand dollars from Boone county, making a total of nine hun- dred and fifty thousand from the Federal government and from Boone county. The State has contributed three hundred thousand dollars, that makes the total received by the University up to date on account of the college, a million and a quarter of dollars. The College of Agriculture is endeavoring to help the agricultural interests of this commonwealth in a number of ways. Horticulture is so large an interest in Missouri that we cannot possibly neglect it. Our contribution to this industry has been large and varied, unfortunately 158 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the people do not understand it. I know tliat most of you are breeders of live stock and I shall talk on that subject in a little while, but I beg your leave to say as a preliminary, some of the things that the college has done for the fruit growers in Missouri. I suppose that when the fruit crop is killed at all. it is killed oftener by warm days in February and March, causing the buds to swell, and afterwards by stinging freezes — that kills the fruit crop in this State and especially the peach crop oftener than any other single cause, and our college has discovered a way, a very simple and inexpensive way in which that may be avoided by any man who wants to avoid it. You have only to spray your trees when the warm days come in February or March with a mixture of common white wash and a little glue applied with a spray pump, any farm hand can apply it, and I will guarantee to you that the remedy is effectual. It is indeed a great discovery, but like other great discoveries. It lay at the feet of the people for a long time until the college took it up. Coming to America was a very simple matter as soon as Colum- bus made the first discovery. The telephone is becoming a very simple matter since Bell has invented it ; and so this method of saving the fruit crop is very effectual and the college at Columbia discovered it first. The Bulletin in which this experiment is described has been called for by almost every civilized country in the world in which orchards are subject to winter killing. It has been called for by nearly all the coun- tries of Northern Europe. It has been called for all over the United States and Canada and a large German University gave Prof. Whitten the Ph. D. degree last spring upon a thesis written on this subject. It has excited great attention in the Department of x-Vgriculture at Wash- ington. It is a very simply remedy based on the scientific knowledge that when a tree is white it will not absorb much heat ; when it is green it absorbs heat very rapidly ; if, therefore, you leave your trees the natural color they absorb heat at a great rate, but if you whiten them they do not absorb heat enough to swell the buds. Any man in Mis- souri whose orchard is suffering from winter killing can protect his orchard by that very simple but effectual method. Again, in many parts of this State the woolly aphis has created great damage in many orchards, very many, I believe in South Missouri. No entomologist on earth ever discovered a remedy for the woolly aphis until Prof. Stedman began to investigate it at Columbia. He discovered two very simple, economical and effective remedies for combating the woolly aphis. If you or your friends are troubled with this pest, all you have to do is to write Mr. Stedman at Columbia, and he will give you two very effective remedies for the woolly aphis. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 159 The fruit tree bark beetle has appeared in Missouri in recent years, I do not know when it first came, but in late years it has been creating great ravages among the orchards of Missouri. We have discovered a remedy for it. If, therefore, your orchards are attacked by the fruit tree bark beetle, all you have to do is to send a postal card to Columbia and we will tell you how to deal with this pest. The fruit tree leaf roller is now perhaps creating more damage among the orchards of South Missouri than any other known insect. It has appeared recentlv in dangerous quantities. It crossed the border from Kansas — a great many bad things come from Kansas and some good things, too — but we have discovered a remedy for the fruit tree leaf roller pest, and if your orchards are troubled with that pest, it will cost you one cent to find out how to protect your orchards against this pest. The curculio, a creature that stings the apple, has been doing great damage in the Ozark region, and many of the apples of the Ozark region are now classed as No. 2, instead of No. i, on account of this insect. If you are troubled with the curculio, send a postal to Columbia and we will tell you how to dispose of him by a process cheap and easy of application. The great trouble is that the fruit growers of this State, in spite of the vast amount of literature that we send out, do not seem to know that there is an Experiment Station at Columbia that stands like a wall of defense between the orchards of Missouri and the pests that prey upon them. San Jose scale made its appearance in Missouri eight or ten years ago. The history of it is a little interesting: The Federal government issued a bulletin charging a firm in Missouri with having distributed this pest over the State. We investigated the matter and proved most conclusively that the nursery in question had not distributed the scale at all, but that it had been distributed by a New Jersey firm which had sent them some stock damaged by San Jose scale which they refused to accept ; but instead of having it sent back, they distributed it among all their buyers in Missouri and the San Jose scale was distributed in that way, and in our bulletins we cleared the nursery of that charge. We tried in vain to wake Missouri to the danger of spreading the San Jose scale over the State, we tried to scare the Legislature, and there is reason for the people to be scared abuot it, but the Legislature said, "They want an appropriation up there at Columbia." We do want it. We want one to hold the San Jose scale in check. The station in the University has been fighting single handed for six or eight years against the San Jose scale, and while it is increasing in Missouri, it has been inci easing at a slow rate because of the work that we have done. When a man writes us that the San Jose scale seems to have appeared in his 160 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. orchard, then the entomologist takes the ne.\t train for that place. If the man will not pay the expenses of the entomologist, we pay his trav- eling expenses ourselves, for the San Jose scale is not a thing to be trifled with by anyone. California would give millions of dollars to free their State from this pest, but the slow spread of this pest in Mis- souri is due to the fact that the Experiment Station at Columbia has fought it at every point where it can gain information of its appear- ance. I could go on and tell you of a great many other things. An im- portant one is an experiment of raising asparagus in the open air in the dead of winter which has proven to be very profitable to market gar- deners in the neighborhood of St. Louis. We estimated that an acre planted in asparagus, according to our method of plantihg and treating it, would have yielded in that winter, in which we made the experiment, nineteen hundred dollars an acre ; that depends on the time of the year, the price of asparagus and how many fools will spend money for aspar- agus in the dead of winter, but there are fools enough in the city to do it and the market gardeners in St. Louis are making fortunes on account of these fools and it is a good thing for these gardeners that these fools will spend their money this way. Let me go on a little from Horticulture to Animal Husbandry. You know very well that Texas fever infects cattle below a certain belt of temperature all over the world. Why they call it Texas fever I do not know, probably because Texas is a very large State and there are a great many cattle in Texas ; but it attacks herds in Georgia, in the Car- olinas, Florida, in Porto Rico, in Cuba, in Australia and in India just as well at it does in Texas. The theory was advanced, a mere theory which nobody had been able to prove, that this fever was caused by a tick which was produced in southern latitudes. The cattle born south of this line and accustomed from birth to this tick became immune to the fever; it did not affect them, but whenever northern cattle were shipped in, they fell victims to it in about ninety cases out of a hundred and when scuthern cattle were shipped north in the suminer time they spread the fo-called Texas fever. Our Station took hold of this trouble in co- operation with the Experiment Station of Texas and in co-operation with the State Board of Agriculture of Missouri, so that the State Booard of Agriculture of Missouri, of which Mr. Ellis is Secretary, the Experiment Station of the University at Columbia and the Experiment Station of Texas co-operated in a series of experiments on Texas fever. We did the scientific work and the Texas Station furnished a good portion of the money, for it was a very expensive experiment and the State Board of Agriculture helped us at every point, but our Veter- LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 161 inary Surgeon did the scientific work and it was proven for the first time in the history of the world, it was proven conclusively by a series of scientific experiments of the severest character that Texas fever was caused by the tick and by nothing else under the sun of heaven and when 3t was found necessary to give the average Missouri cow Texas fever, we found in general that half a dozen ticks would give it and twelve or thirteen were dead sure. That was not a very great performance, we proved by very vigorous scientific demonstration that the hypothesis which had already been advanced was a true hypothesis ; but we went a step further and did one of the best things that has been done in a century in veterinarv surgery. Our veterinarian discovered a method by which cattle in Missouri or from any other state can be inoculated against Texas fever and shipped south at any season of the year with comparatively little risk of death, so that whereas in the former days about ninety per cent of the blooded stock sent south from Missouri to Texas died of Texas fever, now about five or six per cent of the in- oculated animals die. That has opened to the raisers of improved live stock in Missouri a large southern market which was effectually closed against you in the past. A large number of men have taken advantage of it, a vast quantity of improved and very expensive live stock have been shipped into Texas after being inoculated, and one breeder of English cattle, buying cattle for the far South, put it in his contract that the cattle should be shipped to England by way of Columbia, Mis- souri, and inoculated before they were^delivered to him. Some years ago the Australian government sent a special agent to the United States to find out what our Department of Animal Hus- bandry at Washington had been able to do in combating the Texas fever, and when the man got to Washington they sent him immediately to Columbia, Missouri, saying that that was headquarters of the earth for work in Texas fever. He came and he was satisfied. Now the fact that more cattle have not been inoculated and sent to Texas and other portions of the South is due to the fact that our duty is to make scientific experiments. The misfortune about this in- oculation is (and I want to tell you this very frankly) that the farmer -cannot possibly inoculate his own cattle, but the inoculation has to be done by a man who understands the business, for you can kill cattle "by inoculation as well as you can kill them by Texas fever direct. Now our veterinary surgeon, the man that was capable of making a discovery of that sort, cannot give up his whole time to inoculating cattle to be shipped into Texas, but if the State would only make an appropriation — we are not going to ask them for it — but if Missouri would only make A— u 162 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. an appropriation for inoculation at Columbia that would warrant us in employing a number of men to conduct the work — not so skillful as our head veterinarian, and yet skillful enough, we would undertake it very cheerfully. When we inoculate cattle, we do not charge anything for the inoculation. We charge for the board of the animal, the hay and grain that he eats, and he does not eat much for he is sick during the process of the inoculation : and once in a great while, one in a hundred of the animals die in the process. We also insist upon having a groom sent along with the animal to take charge of it under the direction of the verterinary surgeon. A man capable of making a discovery of that sort we have engaged on other sort of work, and he is now trying to find a remedy against the hog cholera and other diseases. We cannot afford to let him take his time inoculating cattle. Before the close of the last century, a veterinary magazine of prom- inence in veterinary science, in summing up the development in. veteri- nary science during the last hundred years said there have been three great- discoveries in veterinary science riiade on earth during that time, and one of them was the method of inoculating against Texns fever discovered by John W. Connaway at Columbia ; and, by the way, he was a Cedar county boy without much training. He took the train to go lo Warrensburg and make a teacher of himself, but before he got to War- rensburg, somebody suggested to him that he go on to Columbia. He cam.e and has been there ever since he graduated. He refuses ofifers of a larger salary. He declines and does not say anything about it, and he is so busy in scientific discovery that it is a matter of great dif- ficulty to hunt him up and deliver his check to him. We have raised his salary and raised his salary and he has never known anything about it until his check came in for a larger amount and his salary has never been discussed between him and the other officers. The University really ought to pay him more than we do. Now most of you are cattlemen; you are experienced in that line, and you know very well that, while I take immense interest in it, I am not an expert in cattle feeding, therefore, to be frank with you, I am afraid to go into too great detail for fear I should get something wrong. I had just as well start out by telling the truth. The cattle feeding of the Station at Columbia is, so far as I know, unexcelled by that which has been done at any other station in the Federal Union. That is general and that is also modest. If you will tell me a station in the Federal Union that has done better work in the last seven years in experimental cattle feeding than has been done at Columbia, Missouri, I would like to know the name of the station. I won't contradict you, Li\'E STUCK BREEDEKS. 16 but for my information i would lil > i >;;^ o oo o'S -M +J *^ *J a X 75 » X O fl a a c " t< t. t; t. a C O O o •" o o o o — GJ CJ QJ ® '*^ be be M bo a £S .-; .-e .-s •« W be b£ be t- - 3 3 S S fl : 5 be be .- ^ H 'S'S'S §.s.s u bcbe — ^ ?J -s « .^ rt CO- -^„ 3 3 ^A "Ons 01 01 OJ 01 en m fl c S<= ♦J -tj O t„ oo-o 01 01 0) bebeiJ 33 rt 5? be be 01 3 3a c 0-=! IB •a ^ 0) IB >>. 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